tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20004813075072729302024-03-14T10:45:24.690+07:00Sekadar_BerbagiApa yang saya tulis bukanlah suatu kebenaran. Jika ada yang salah mohon dibetulkan, jika ada yang kurang mohon ditambahkan. Hanya sekadar berbagi, tanpa maksud lain kecuali agar menjadi manfaatanitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-31779250614255601482011-08-21T04:56:00.001+07:002011-09-03T12:35:31.464+07:00Aplikasi Integral I (lone...)<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Aplikasi Integral I</div><div class="MsoNormal">Soal Lone</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kenapa dibilang seperti itu? Karena pada aplikasi integral kali ini, kita akan banyak menggunakan lon dan e (eksponen), so persiapkan kalkulator scientific kalian ot!!!</div><div class="MsoNormal">If you find lone question, there are steps to solve it :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Cari PUPD (Penyelesaian Umum Persamaan Diferensial)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Ciri PUPD adalah persamaan yang kita dapat masih menyimpan C yang belum diketahui nilainya. How??? <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> PIe (Pisahkan semarga, Integralkan, e-kan).</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Cari PUPK (Penyelesaian Khusus Persamaan Diferensial)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Ciri PUPK adalah persamaan yang nilai C-nya diketahui. How??? <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> masukan syarat 1 (yang diketahui) ke PUPD . Inga!!! Diwajibkan variabel pada pangkat e bernilai 0, agar nilai C mudah dicari.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Cari nilai k <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> k merupakan konstanta, dapat dicari dengan memasukan syarat 2 pada PKPD, kemudian lonkan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Cari yang ditanyakan. Pada tahap ini persamaan penyelesaian yang kita dapat harus HANYA berisi variabel yang sesuai dengan soal (misal y dan t).</div><div class="MsoNormal">Bingungkan???? Mari kita masuk kedalam contoh soal.</div><div class="MsoNormal">^^Hukum Aksi Massa</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OOdgFYYjr8o/TlAqlJcLrRI/AAAAAAAAAF0/3zmVOcGL3fw/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="62" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OOdgFYYjr8o/TlAqlJcLrRI/AAAAAAAAAF0/3zmVOcGL3fw/s200/1.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Dimana : k > 0, a > 0, b> 0</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">y = banyaknya zat hasil reaksi setiap waktu t</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">a,b = banyaknya zat mula-mula</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">k = konstanta kesebandingan</div><div class="MsoNormal">misal : banyaknya zat mula-mula a = 2g, b= 4g</div><div class="MsoNormal">untuk : t = 0 maka y =0</div><div class="MsoNormal"> t = 20 menit maka y = 1g</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"> t = 1 jam maka y = ....?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Penyelesaian :</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aodLl1_iK8g/TlAqoRKApSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/_MKx9cAWS00/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="604" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aodLl1_iK8g/TlAqoRKApSI/AAAAAAAAAF4/_MKx9cAWS00/s640/2.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Inga!!Inga!!! Tiiiinnggg!!!!</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">e<sup>x </sup>= x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">ln e = 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">ln e<sup>2</sup> = 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">e<sup>lnx</sup> = x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;">e<sup>ln5</sup> = 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-26960882667446781122011-08-21T04:01:00.001+07:002011-08-21T04:39:10.911+07:00PKT RASA '34<i><b>Sinopsis...</b></i><br />
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PKT (Praktikum Kimia Terpadu) yang wajib dilaluui oleh siswa kelas 4 SMAKBO (Sekolah Menengah Analis Kimia Bogor) sebelum hengkang dari sekolah dan mendapatkan gelar alumni.<br />
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Kami siswa yang terpisah secara jiwa dan raga dipersatukan dalam wadah PKT ini, mendapatkan kelompok yang ke 34 dan undian mengenai "farmasi".<br />
Farmasi??? lebih menyangkut ke obat-obatan atau "apapun" yang berkhasiat "menyehatkan"<br />
Atas dasar ingin "mendombrak", try something new, kami, <span style="background-color: magenta;">RASA (Rizal pahlevi, Anastasia salam, Suryadi atmaja dan Anita nurdianingrum)</span> mencoba membuat handsanitizer semprot.<br />
Sebenarnya percobaan kita tidak menitikberatkan bagaimana membuat handsanitizer itu sendiri, tetapi lebih pada bagaimana membuat bahan bakunya yaitu alkohol, dari fermentasi limbah kulit pisang dengan bantuan gelombang musik. Bingungkan??? saya juga rieut! heheheh9x<br />
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Setelah melewati aral melintang cobaan, badai kegagalan yang terus mendera dengan tetap tak pantang menyerah, dan tetap hahahha-heheheheh akhirya kami berhasil menyelesaikan PKT ini.<br />
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Lebih jelasnya silahkan download : <a href="http://www.geocities.ws/anitanurdianingrum/LAP.PKT.docx">laporan PKT RASA '34</a><br />
ingin tahu kretifnya kami dalam mempresentasikan hasil jerih payah selama 3 bulan?<br />
silahkan download <a href="http://www.geocities.ws/anitanurdianingrum/pkt34new.ppt">powerpoint RASA'34</a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z25MaP2UVXQ/TlAic5zeYcI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/_Rn_EUyeoy4/s1600/hp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z25MaP2UVXQ/TlAic5zeYcI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/_Rn_EUyeoy4/s1600/hp.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">hP yang "direlakan" sdri. anya diinkubator selama beberapa hari (nggak maksud promosi lho!)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bf2aXHNmlHc/TlAi2YhxXpI/AAAAAAAAAFk/HOUbT51x1jM/s1600/LupFar007.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bf2aXHNmlHc/TlAi2YhxXpI/AAAAAAAAAFk/HOUbT51x1jM/s200/LupFar007.JPG" width="200" /></a><br />
Perbedaan alkohol hasil fermentasi dengan menggunakan musik (kiri) dan fermentasi biasa (kanan). Larutan lebih jernih, tidak banyak pengotor, dan berdasarkan konsentrasi alkohol yang dihasilkan lebih pekat dari pada alkohol tanpa musik<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pVKW_OWZ2i8/TlAl5H9iGlI/AAAAAAAAAFs/AxhRTn85i8M/s1600/LupFar022.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pVKW_OWZ2i8/TlAl5H9iGlI/AAAAAAAAAFs/AxhRTn85i8M/s200/LupFar022.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">produk akhir RASA'34 </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: right;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qjr12u9G-sI/TlAigxs1qGI/AAAAAAAAAFY/XZNjPvtPUqA/s1600/LupFar002.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qjr12u9G-sI/TlAigxs1qGI/AAAAAAAAAFY/XZNjPvtPUqA/s200/LupFar002.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pembimbing PKT '34 Ibu Rini yang baik hati x)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dYouMpHc2Y0/TlAie_eE0fI/AAAAAAAAAFU/E5p0ZWdB3Bg/s1600/LupFar001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><br />
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Konsumen pertama PKT'34 (walau sedikit ada unsur pemaksaan)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ayiaAOgV-yI/TlAimt-INOI/AAAAAAAAAFc/FL9iSV_SUn0/s1600/LupFar003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ayiaAOgV-yI/TlAimt-INOI/AAAAAAAAAFc/FL9iSV_SUn0/s200/LupFar003.JPG" width="150" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dYouMpHc2Y0/TlAie_eE0fI/AAAAAAAAAFU/E5p0ZWdB3Bg/s1600/LupFar001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dYouMpHc2Y0/TlAie_eE0fI/AAAAAAAAAFU/E5p0ZWdB3Bg/s200/LupFar001.JPG" width="150" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--59j_qdhDCE/TlAivCQYevI/AAAAAAAAAFg/VyOCQKUDh9w/s1600/LupFar004-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--59j_qdhDCE/TlAivCQYevI/AAAAAAAAAFg/VyOCQKUDh9w/s200/LupFar004-1.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><br />
Ibu Dila Ibu kantin SOTO Bpk. Zaenal<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FyLvOJb4t1U/TlAkDI_W5OI/AAAAAAAAAFo/UnnK9mrNQAM/s1600/LupFar019.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FyLvOJb4t1U/TlAkDI_W5OI/AAAAAAAAAFo/UnnK9mrNQAM/s400/LupFar019.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kelompok paling TOP & IMUT, PKT'34 bersama "abah" (motorna chuyee)</td></tr>
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anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-31607195606557715112011-08-21T01:57:00.000+07:002011-08-21T01:57:03.770+07:00YeeaaahhhhFinally, I found the easy way to share my files on blog. <br />
it difficult when you posted a file that have pictures or e-quation, especially when it a reporting document.<br />
From now, I just post an address link that make you can download the file directly with original version.<br />
So you can modify it more easier.<br />
Hope it be more comfortable for us ;-) <br />
<br />
anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-5947482908739441342011-08-21T01:28:00.001+07:002011-08-21T01:31:06.988+07:00laporan resonansi listrikBiar nggak ribet copas dan upload e-quation yang sudah berbentuk gambar ke postingan,<br />
juga un tuk memudahkan Anda mengedit dokumen yang diinginkan,<br />
maka kini file bisa langsung di download di <a href="http://www.geocities.ws/anitanurdianingrum/2%20Resonansi%20Listrik.doc">download laporan resonansi listrik</a><br />
Hatur nuhun x)anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-79841776877266759952011-08-21T00:33:00.000+07:002011-08-21T00:33:07.007+07:00Teori asal-usul kehidupan <br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="mw-headline"><i><b>1. Teori Evolusi Kimia</b></i> </span></span></h2><span style="font-size: small;"> Ahli biokimia berkebangsaan Rusia (1894) A.l. Oparin adalah orang pertama yang mengemukakan bahwa evolusi zat-zat kimia telah terjadi jauh sebelum kehidupan ini ada. Dia mengemukakan bahwa asal mula kehidupan terjadi bersamaan dengan evolusi terbentuknya bumi serta atmosfirnya.<br />
Atmosfir bumi mula-mula memiliki air, CO2, metan, dan amonia namun tidak memiliki oksigen. Dengan adanya panas dari berbagai sumber energi maka zat-zat tersebut mengalami serangkaian perubahan menjadi berbagai molekul organik sederhana. Senyawa – senyawa ini membentuk semacam campuran yang kaya akan materi-materi, dalam lautan yang masih panas; yang disebut primordial soup. Bahan campuran ini belum merupakan makhluk hidup tetapi bertingkah laku mirip seperti sistem biologi. PrimodiaL soup ini melakukan sintesis dan berakumulasi membentuk molekul. organik kecil atau monomer. misalnva asam amino dan nukleotida.<br />
Monomer - monomer lalu bergabung membentuk polimer, misalnya protein dan asam nukleat. Kemudian agregasi ini membentuk molekul dalam bentuk tetesan yang disebut protobion. Protobion ini memiliki ciri kimia yang berbeda dengan lingkungannya.<br />
Kondisi atmosfer masa kini tidak lagi memungkinkan untuk terbentuknya sintesis molekul organik secara spontan karena oksigen di atmosfer akan memecair ikatan kimia dan mengekstraksi elektron.<br />
Polimerisasi atau penggabungan monomer ini dapat dibuktikan oleh sydney Fox.Sydney Fox melakukan percobaan dengan memanaskan larutan kental monomer organik yang mengandung asam amino, asam amino pada suhu titik leburnya. Saat air menguap, terbentuklah lapisan monomer - monomer yang berpolimerisasi. Polimer ini oleh Sydney Fox disebut proteinoid.<br />
Dalam penelitian di laboratorium bila proteinoid dicampur dengan air dingin akan membentuk gabungan proteinoid yang menyusun tetesan kecil yang disebut mikrosfer. Mikrosfer diselubungi oleh membran selektif permeabel.<br />
Tahun lirna puluhan hipotesis tentang evolusi kimia rnendapat dukungan dari Stanley Miller dan gurunya Harold Urey (1953). Teori Urey didasari atas pemikiran bahwa bahan orqanik merupakan bahan dasar organism yang pada mulanya dibentuk sebagai reaksi gas yang ada di alam denqan bantuan energi.</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Menurut Teori Urey, konsep tersebut dapat di jabarkan atas 4 fase: </span><br />
<hr /> <hr /> <span style="font-size: small;">Fase 1. Tersedianya molekul metan, ammonia, hidrogen . dan uap air yag sangat banyak didalam atmosfer. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Fase 2. Energi yang timbul dari aliran listrik halilintar dan radiasi sinar – sinar kosmis merupakan energy pengikat dalam reaksi – reaksi molekul – molekul metan, ammonia, hydrogen dan uap air. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Fase 3. Terbentuknya zat hidup yang paling sederhana </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Fase 4. Zat hidup yang terbentuk berkembang denqan waktu berjuta - juta tahun menjadi sejenis organism yang lebih kompleks. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Miller berhasil membuktikan teori Urey dalam laboratorium. dengan alat, seperti pada Gambar 8.2. Alat ini disimpan pada suatu kondisi yang diperkirakan sama dengan kondisi pada waktu sebelum ada kehidupan. Ke dalam alat tersebut dimasukkan bermacam-macarn gas seperti uap air yang dihasilkan dari air yang dipanaskan, hidrogen, metan, dan amonia.<br />
Selanjutnya pada alat tersebut diberikan aliran listrik 75.000 volt (sebagai pengganti kilatan halilintar yang selalu terjadi di alam pada waktu tersebut). Setelal seminggu ternyata Miller mendapatkan zat organik yang berupa asam amino. Asam amino merupakan komponen kehidupan. Selain asam amino diperoleh tiga asam hidroksi. HCN, dan urea.<br />
Pemikiran selanjutnya adalah bagaimana terbentuknva protein dari asam amino ini.<br />
Melvin Calvin dari Universitas California menunjukkan bahwa radiasi sinar dapat mengubah metana, amonia, hidrogen dan air menjadi molekul-rnolekul gula, dan asam amino. Dan juga pernbentukan purin dan pirimidin, yang merupakan zat dasar pembentukan DNA, RNA, ATP dan ADP.<br />
Kehidupan yang bersarna-sama dengan partikel debu alam disebarkan dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, di bawah pengaruh sinar matahari. Tetapi teori ini tidak memperhitungkan adanya temperatur yang begitu dingin dan juga sangat panas dan sinar - sinar yang mematikan yang terdapat di angkasa luar, seperti sinar kosmis, sinar ultra violet dan sinar infra merah. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="2._Teori_Kosmozoa"></a></span><h2> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"> <br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>2. Teori Kosmozoa </i></span></span></span></h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Arrhenius ( 191 I )</b> menyatakan bahwa kehidupan pertama dimulai dari spora-spora kehidupan yang bersarna-sama dengan partikel debu alam disebarkan dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, di bawah pengaruh sinar matahari. Tetapi teori ini tidak memperhitungkan adanya temperatur yang<br />
begitu dingin dan juga sangat panas dan sinar - sinar yang mematikan yang terdapat di angkasa luar, seperti sinar kosmis, sinar ultra violet dan sinar infra merah. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>3. Teori abiogenesis dan biogenesis</b></i></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="3._Teori_Generatio_Spontanea_atau_Abiogenesis"></a></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Permulaan sekali<span> </span>dipercaya bahwa organisme </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">zat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">secara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">spontan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">teori</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikenal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">nama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">teori</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">abiogenesis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">generatio</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">spontaneae</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Teori</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikemukanan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Aristoteles</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (384-322 SM).</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">botol</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berpipa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> S </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mikroorganisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tertangkap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dinding</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pipa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> S </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span>air<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kaldu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.<span> </span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Dari<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pembuktian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">timbul</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">gagasan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bahwa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">semua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span>yang<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Ungkapan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">juga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikenal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">omne</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">vivum</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> ex </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ovo</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">omne</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> ovum ex vivo”.</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Teori</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">generatio</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">spontanea</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diperkuat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penemuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">L</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">eeuwenhock</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (1632</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">1723),<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bahwa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">rendaman</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jerami</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dilihat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berbagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">macam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mikroorganisme<span> </span>dengan<span> </span>mikroskop.<span> </span>Penemuan leeowenhoek<span> </span>ini<span> </span>menimbulkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beberapa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tafsiran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">orang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terhadap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">asal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benda-benda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">aneh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ditemukannya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">digunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merendam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jerami</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">maka</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">timbullah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pandangan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bahwa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berkembang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benda-benda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mati</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Apakah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">timbul</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benda-benda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sedang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membusuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pembusukan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ditimbulkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk-makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">?</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Persoalan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">semacam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">teka-teki</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ramai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dibicarakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dipertentangkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">orang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. Francesco </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Redi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Spalanzani</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Pasteur </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">para</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ahli</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menunjukkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ketidakbenaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">teori</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">generatio</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">spontance</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><h3> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"> a.) Percobaan Francesco Redi<br />
</span></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Fancesco Redi (1668)</b>, seorang fisikawan Italia merupakan orang pertama yang melakukan penelitian untuk membantah teori generatio spontanea. Dia melakukan serangkaian penelitian menggunakan daging segar. Redi memperhatikan bahwa ulat akan menjadi lalat dan lalat selalu terdapat tidak jauh dari sisa-sisa daging. pada penelitiannya Redi menggunakan 2 kerat daging segar yang diletakkan dalam 2 wadah.<br />
Wadah yang satu ditutupi kain yang tembus udara dan yang satu tidak ditutupi. Setelah beberapa hari, pada daging yang tidak tertutup mulailah keluar belatung-belatung, sementara itu pada daging yang tertutup tidak<br />
tumbuh belatung. Tujuan penelitian Redi adalah untuk menjelaskan bahwa setiap makhluk hidup perlu asal-usul dari mana<br />
dia berasal. Teori Abiogenesis juga ditentang pula oleh L. Spallazani dan L. pasteur dengan percobaan mereka masing-masing. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">[[gambar:</span> <br />
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</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="b..29_Percobaan_Spatlanzani"></a></span><h3> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"> b.) Percobaan Spatlanzani<br />
</span></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"> Pada tahun 7765, seorang biologiwan Italia yang bernama Lazzaro Spallaizani, melakukan percobaan yang berlawanan dengan teori Nedham. Spallanzani menyatakan bahwa Nedham tidak merebus tabung cukup lama sampai semua organism terbunuh dan Nedham juga tidak menutup leher tabung dengan rapat sekali sehingga masih ada organisme yang masuk dan tumbuh.<br />
Perhatikan percobaan Spallanzani </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="c..29_Percobaan_Louis_pasteur"></a></span><h3> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"> c.) Percobaan Louis pasteur<br />
</span></span></h3><span style="font-size: small;"> Akhirnya seorang biologiwan bernama Louis Pasteur pada tahun 1864 melakukan percobaan menggunakan tabung berleher angsa. Pasteur sendiri meyakini bahwa sebuah sel pasti berasal dari sel lainnya.<br />
Dalam percobaannya menggunakan tabung berleher angsa, pasteur merebus kaldu hingga mendidih kemudian mendiamkannya. Pada prinsipnya udara mampu masuk ke dalam tabung, namun partikel<br />
debu akan menempel pada lengkungan leher tabung. Setelah sekian lama, ternyata tidak ada bakteri yang tumbuh. Namun setelah<br />
Pasteur mematahkan tabung leher angsa tersebut air kaldu di dalam tabung itu kemudian ditumbuhi oleh mikroba. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa kehidupan.juga berasal dari kehidupan. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Berdasarkan hasil-hasil percobaan ilmuwan di atas maka muncullah teori biogenesis atau mahkluk hidup berasal dari mahkluk hidup. Selain itu, ada pula istilah omne vivum ex ovo atau mahluk hidup berasal dari telur. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-23190836467802065592011-08-21T00:25:00.000+07:002011-08-21T00:25:32.057+07:00Pengantar Ilmu Biologi<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">PENGERTIAN BIOLOGI</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Istilah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lahir</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">zaman</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">peradaban</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Yunani</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kata</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> bios yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">artinya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> logos </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">arti</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div> </div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pengertian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">waktu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merupakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bidang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">studi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">khusus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk-makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">saja. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Istilah ini pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1801 yang dikemukakan oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Lamarck </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Treviranus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sedangkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Aris</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tot</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">eles</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (384-322 SM) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dipandang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sebagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tokoh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">perintis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">perkembangan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengetahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Mengapa kita mempelajari biologi ??</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">U</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ntuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengetahui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">banyak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sendiri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bumi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">huni</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kita </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">banyak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hanyalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berbeda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan-hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lain. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Tapi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beberapa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berlainan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sehingga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menempati</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">posisi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">unik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dunia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Salah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">satu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membedakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">manusia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sifat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">keingintahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Homo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sapien</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">orang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengetahui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">”.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Jadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">memperoleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengetahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">segi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lain </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan kita dan bumi kita.</span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sehari-hari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengetahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sangat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bermanfaat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bagi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">seperti</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membantu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bidang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pertanian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">peternakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kedokteran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">industri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makanan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pemeliharaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lain-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lainnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: black;">KETERKAITAN BIOLOGI DENGAN MIPA</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 120%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span> <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Matematika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pengetahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Alam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (MIPA) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merupakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> basic science.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">MIPA </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikatakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sebagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengetahuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> MIPA </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merupakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">teknologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Tingkat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kedasaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> MIPA </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berbeda-beda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tingkat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang paling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">matematika, diikuti fisika, kimia dan biologi.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kaitan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu-ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lain </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> MIPA </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lihat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kajian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmunya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"></span></span> <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Matematika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berperan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sebagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">alat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">segala</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">fenomena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">IPA </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sendiri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">objek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">materi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berhubungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">perubahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">efek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akibatnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kajian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">materi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat dibedakan menjadi makhluk hidup dan benda tak hidup.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: red;"> OBJEK BIOLOGI</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Objek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">materi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Orang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membuat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengatakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">defenisi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikenal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">gejala</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sifat-sifat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ciri-cirinya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Semua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">benda</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dikatakan makhluk hidup kalau mempunyai sifat-sifat tersebut</span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background-color: red;"></span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dibedakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berdasarkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">objeknya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (the nature </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">organisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pendekatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">metode</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajarinya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">objek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dibedakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> : </span></span></div><div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">–</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">botani</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">seluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengenai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tumbuhan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">,</span></span></div><div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">–</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">zoologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ilmu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">seluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">–</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Mikrobiologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mempelajari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">seluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mikroorganisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tampak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dilihat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dengan mata telanjang, karena ukurannya yang sangat halus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Termasuk dalam </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kelompok</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mikroorganisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ialah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">golongan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">protista</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">monera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">termasuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kajian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">botani</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">zoologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #f74ebc; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-59420823885459426782011-08-20T23:32:00.001+07:002011-08-20T23:32:19.763+07:00Laporan Hukum Ohm<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah mengikuti praktikum ini, mahasiswa diharapkan : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan karakteristik beberapa komponen listrik dengan menggunakan amperemeter dan voltmeter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenal hubungan seri dan paralel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Alat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat-alat percobaan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amperemeter dc<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Voltmeter dc<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber<span> </span>arus dc<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa komponen(lampu,hambatan,NTC dan dioda)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel-kabel penghubung<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 <span> </span>Pengertian Hukum Ohm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Ohm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah suatu pernyataan bahwa besar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">arus listrik</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang mengalir melalui sebuah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">penghantar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> selalu berbanding lurus dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegangan_listrik" title="Tegangan listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">beda potensial</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang diterapkan kepadanya atau juga menyatakan bahwa besar arus yang mengalir pada suatu konduktor pada suhu tetap sebanding dengan beda potensial antara kedua ujung-ujung konduktor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah benda penghantar dikatakan mematuhi hukum Ohm apabila nilai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistansi" title="Resistansi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">resistansinya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tidak bergantung terhadap besar dan polaritas beda potensial yang dikenakan kepadanya. Walaupun pernyataan ini tidak selalu berlaku untuk semua jenis penghantar, namun istilah "hukum" tetap digunakan dengan alasan sejarah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara matematis hukum Ohm diekspresikan dengan persamaan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 129.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock><v:shape alt="V = I R\ " id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 10.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 49.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title=" " src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana <i>I</i> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">arus listrik</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang mengalir pada suatu penghantar dalam satuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Ampere</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, <i>V</i> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegangan_listrik" title="Tegangan listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">tegangan listrik</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang terdapat pada kedua ujung penghantar dalam satuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">volt</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan <i>R</i> adalah nilai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambatan_listrik" title="Hambatan listrik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">hambatan listrik</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (resistansi) yang terdapat pada suatu penghantar dalam satuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">ohm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum ini dicetuskan oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simon_Ohm&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Georg Simon Ohm (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Georg Simon Ohm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, seorang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisikawan" title="Fisikawan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">fisikawan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Jerman</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada tahun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1825" title="1825"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">1825</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan dipublikasikan pada sebuah paper yang berjudul <i>The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically</i> pada tahun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1827" title="1827"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">1827</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ada 2 bunyi hukum Ohm yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya arus listrik yang mengalir sebanding dengan besarnya beda potensial (Tegangan). Untuk sementara tegangan dan beda potensial dianggap sama walau sebenarnya kedua secara konsep berbeda. Secara matematika di tuliskan I ∞ V atau V ∞ I, Untuk menghilangkan kesebandingan ini maka perlu ditambahkan sebuah konstanta yang kemudian di kenal dengan Hambatan (R) sehingga persamaannya menjadi V = I.R. Dimana V adalah tegangan (volt), I adalah kuat arus (A) dan R adalah hambatan (Ohm).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbandingan antara tegangan dengan kuat arus merupakan suatu bilangan konstan yang disebut hambatan listrik. Secara matematika di tuliskan V/I = R atau dituliskan V = I.R.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi utama hukum Ohm adalah digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan tegangan dan kuat arus serta dapat digunakan untuk menentukan suatu hambatan beban listrik tanpa menggunakan Ohmmeter. Kesimpulan akhir hukum Ohm adalah semakin besar sumber tegangan maka semakin besar arus yang dihasilkan. Kemudian konsep yang sering salah pada siswa adalah hambatan listrik dipengaruhi oleh besar tegangan dan arus listrik. Konsep ini salah, besar kecilnya hambatan listrik tidak dipengaruhi oleh besar tegangan dan arus listrik tetapi dipengaruhi oleh panjang penampang, luas penampang dan jenis bahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2<span> </span>Konsep Hambatan Listrik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalkan kita punya sebatang kawat, maka didalam kawat itu sebenarnya punya jutaan elektron yang bergerak secara acak dengan kelajuan 10 pangkat 5 m/s. Ketika kawat ini tidak kita hubungkan dengan sumber tegangan maka elektron akan bergerak disekitar tempat nya saja, dia tidak akan bisa jauh-jauh dari tempatnya semula. Hal ini disebabkan karena disekitarnya berdesak – desakan dengan elektron lain dan juga ada pengaruh gaya ikat inti. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana jika kawat tersebut kita hubungkan dengan sumber tegangan maka elektron mulai mengalir dengan kelajuan 1 mm/s. Menurut para ahli energi yang diperoleh dari sumber tegangan digunakan elektron untuk berpindah, dan saat berpindah elektron juga mengeluarkan energi. Dalam perjalanannya elektron juga mendapat halangan elektron – elektron yang lain. Besarnya halangan yang dialami elektron inilah yang disebut dengan hambatan listrik suatu benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti penjelasan awal tadi hambatan dipengaruhi oleh 3 faktor yaitu panjang, luas dan jenis bahan. Hambatan berbading lurus dengan panjang benda, semakin panjang maka semakin besar hambatan suatu benda. Hambatan juga berbading terbalik dengan luas penampang benda, semakin luas penampangnya maka semakin kecil hambatannya.. Inilah alasan mengapa kabel tiang listrik dibuat besar-besar, tujuannya adalah untuk memperkecil hambatan sehingga tegangan bisa mengalir dengan mudah. Hambatan juga berbanding lurus dengan jenis benda (hambatan jenis) semakin besar hambatan jenisnya maka semakin besar hambatan benda itu. Secara matematika dapat dituliskan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 44.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1375387546"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8ixLooEtuSs/Tk_f63iSHMI/AAAAAAAAAFA/bXaQJdfM_4s/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8ixLooEtuSs/Tk_f63iSHMI/AAAAAAAAAFA/bXaQJdfM_4s/s1600/1.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana ρ adalah hambatan jenis (ohm/m), L adalah panjang benda (m) dan A adalah luas penampang (m kuadrat) biasanya luas penampang bentuknya lingkaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Rangkaian Resistor Seri Dan Paralel<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Untuk menghitung resistansi total pada resistor yang disusun secara seri dan paralel memerlukan suatu perhitungan matematika yang tidak terlalu sulit. Jika menghitung resistansi total pada resistor seri dapat dilakukan cara menjumlahkan secara langsung seluruh resistor yang terhubung seri sedangkan pada resistor paralel membutuhkan perhitungan khusus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk rangkaian resistor seri :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 108.75pt; width: 306.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxDsNdbYoXo/Tk_gYOFY5rI/AAAAAAAAAFE/nFW774CG11k/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxDsNdbYoXo/Tk_gYOFY5rI/AAAAAAAAAFE/nFW774CG11k/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk rangkaian resistor paralel:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 189.75pt; width: 187.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.png"> </v:imagedata><o:p></o:p></v:shape></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nfUSk7_So0g/Tk_gZy4tcjI/AAAAAAAAAFI/SaF1cfFFDQE/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nfUSk7_So0g/Tk_gZy4tcjI/AAAAAAAAAFI/SaF1cfFFDQE/s200/3.png" width="196" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR PENGERJAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><v:group coordorigin="3360,1110" coordsize="6075,2603" id="_x0000_s1031" style="height: 130.15pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 54.6pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 297pt; z-index: 6;"> <v:shape alt="untitled.bmp" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1032" style="height: 2385px; left: 3360px; position: absolute; top: 1110px; visibility: visible; width: 6075px;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="31660f" cropleft="4390f" cropright="16195f" croptop="7649f" o:title="untitled" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.png"> </v:imagedata><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1033" stroked="f" style="height: 518px; left: 5656px; position: absolute; top: 3195px; width: 1496px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> </v:textbox></v:shape></v:shape></v:group></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--> <v:group coordorigin="3588,3285" coordsize="5333,2888" id="_x0000_s1034" style="height: 144.4pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 60.75pt; margin-top: 108.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 266.65pt; z-index: 7;"> <v:shape alt="untitled1.bmp" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_s1035" style="height: 2865px; left: 3588px; position: absolute; top: 3285px; visibility: visible; width: 5333px;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" cropbottom="30752f" cropleft="6176f" cropright="21005f" croptop="4369f" o:title="untitled1" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.png"> </v:imagedata><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1036" stroked="f" style="height: 518px; left: 5806px; position: absolute; top: 5655px; width: 1496px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></v:group> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br clear="ALL" /> </div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun rangkaian seperti pada gambar 1 dengan memakai lampu, dan belum dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan.diperperhatikan besarnya tegangan listrikyang harus digunakan (ditentukan oleh asisten)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah rangkaian diperiksa oleh asisten, dengan persetujuannya, barulah rangkaian dihubungkan dengan sumber<span> </span>tegangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicatat <span> </span>kuat arus untuk beberapa harga beda potensial dari yang kecil hingga yang besar(menanyakan pada asisten harga-harga tegangan ini). Begitu juga sebaliknya dari yang besar hingga yang kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diulangi percobaan di atas dengan menggunakan termistor,NTC, hambatan dan diode.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diulangi percobaan 1 s/d 3 dengan menggunakan 2 komponen yang dipasang seri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diulangi percobaan 5 dengan komponen di pasang parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diulangi percobaan 1 s/d 6 untuk rangkaian seperti<span> </span>gambar 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL DAN ANALISA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 Data Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_166" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 130.25pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 55.75pt; margin-top: 1.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 257.5pt; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="untitled2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.png"> </v:imagedata><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanpa beban<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 76.3pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5cm;" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I ( mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E(volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan beban<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 72pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103pt;" width="137"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diode<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.2pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 72pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103pt;" width="137"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">120<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">120<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NTC<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">370<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">210<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.2pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan seri dan paralel<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 72pt; width: 431px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.45pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95pt;" width="127"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.35pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.45pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu dan resistor (terhubung seri)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">53<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.35pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.45pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu dan resistor(terhubung parallel)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">195<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">109<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">138<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">139<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">195<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.9pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.3pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_167" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 137.25pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 57.15pt; margin-top: -1.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 221.25pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="untitled3" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.png"> </v:imagedata><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan beban <o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 72pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diode<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistor<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">125<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">62<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">125<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.45pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NTC<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">130<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">130<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan seri dan paralel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 72pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.35pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.3pt;" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran naik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran turun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E ( volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I(mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.35pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.35pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu dan resistor (terhubung seri)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.35pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.35pt;" width="138"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu dan resistor(terhubung parallel)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">180<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">101<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">129<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">129<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">101<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.85pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">180<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-30080710169202832992011-08-20T23:16:00.000+07:002011-08-20T23:16:58.783+07:00Laporan spektrometer sederhana<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLfUkAKiEkU/Tk_XyYtoTyI/AAAAAAAAAEo/gbCnTt9fqhI/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><div class="Section1"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari garis-garis spektra atom dengan cara spektroskopi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu menentukan panjang gelombang spektrum gas (Lampu Hg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrometer lengkap, terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolimator<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teropong<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meja kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jarum penunjuk/skala<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prisma sama sisi dan sama kaki<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber cahaya (lampu Hg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem tegangan tinggi untuk lampu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi Cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cahaya merupakan gelombang transversal yang termasuk gelombang elektromagnetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sifat-sifat cahaya diantaranya adalah dapat mengalammi pemantulan (refleksi), pembiasan (refraksi), pelenturan (difraksi), diserap arah getarnya (polarisasi), dan diuraikan (dispersi).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi yaitu peristiwa terurainya cahaya putih menjadi cahaya yang berwarna-warni. Suatu cahaya putih terdiri atas beberapa spectrum warna yang terbagi berdasarkan panjang gelombang masing-masing. Saat suatu sinar cahaya melewati suatu medium yang transparan maka akan mengalami pembiasan akibat perbedaan indeks bias medium yang dilewatinya. Cahaya putih yang dapat terurai menjadi cahaya yang berwarna-warni disebut cahaya polikromatik sedangkan cahaya tunggal yang tidak bisa diuraikan lagi disebut cahaya monokromatik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Peristiwa dispersi juga terjadi apabila seberkas cahaya putih dilewatkan pada suatu prisma sehingga membentuk spektrum cahaya. Spektrum ini dapat diamati melalui spektrometer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prisma<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prisma adalah zat bening yang dibatasi oleh dua bidang datar. Apabila seberkas sinar datang pada salah satu bidang prisma yang kemudian disebut sebagai bidang pembias I, akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal. Sampai pada bidang pembias II, berkas sinar tersebut akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal. Pada bidang pembias I, sinar dibiaskan mendekati garis normal, sebab sinar datang dari zat optik kurang rapat ke zat optik lebih rapat yaitu dari udara ke kaca. Sebaliknya pada bidang pembias II, sinar dibiaskan menjahui garis normal, sebab sinar datang dari zat optik rapat ke zat optik kurang rapat yaitu dari kaca ke udara. Sehingga seberkas sinar yang melewati sebuah prisma akan mengalami pembelokan arah dari arah semula. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FiODrgGTPBM/Tk_Xt8IXh8I/AAAAAAAAAEg/JfACryjukyE/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FiODrgGTPBM/Tk_Xt8IXh8I/AAAAAAAAAEg/JfACryjukyE/s200/1.png" width="200" /></a></div> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar diatas menggambarkan seberkas cahaya yang melewati sebuah prisma. Gambar tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa berkas sinar tersebut dalam prisma mengalami dua kalipembiasan sehingga antara berkas sinar masuk ke prisma dan berkas sinar keluar dari prisma tidak lagi sejajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudut yang dibentuk antara arah sinar datang dengan arah sinar yang meninggalkan prisma disebut sudut deviasi diberi lambang D. Besarnya sudut deviasi tergantung pada sudut datangnya sinar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 17.25pt; width: 72.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1375385587"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TP9u2yEdJEI/Tk_XwbDtLBI/AAAAAAAAAEk/0S9H7kkx9SY/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TP9u2yEdJEI/Tk_XwbDtLBI/AAAAAAAAAEk/0S9H7kkx9SY/s1600/2.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana ; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D = sudut deviasi<br />
i<sub>1</sub> = sudut datang pada prisma<br />
r<sub>2</sub> = sudut bias sinar meninggalkan prisma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">β = sudut puncak atau sudut pembias prisma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya sudut deviasi sinar bergantung pada sudut datangnya cahaya ke prisma. Apabila sudut datangnya sinar diperkecil, maka sudut deviasinya pun akan semakin kecil. Sudut deviasi akan mencapai minimum (Dm) jika sudut datang cahaya ke prisma sama dengan sudut bias cahaya meninggalkan prisma atau pada saat itu berkas cahaya yang masuk ke prisma akan memotong prisma itu menjadi segitiga sama kaki, sehingga berlaku i<sub>1</sub> = r<sub>2</sub> = i (dengan i = sudut datang), dan i<sub>2</sub> = r<sub>1</sub> = r (dengan r = sudut bias). Sudut devisiasi minimum dapat dinyatakan dengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLfUkAKiEkU/Tk_XyYtoTyI/AAAAAAAAAEo/gbCnTt9fqhI/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLfUkAKiEkU/Tk_XyYtoTyI/AAAAAAAAAEo/gbCnTt9fqhI/s400/3.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span>dimana ;<br />
n<sub>1</sub> = indeks bias medium di sekitar prisma<br />
n<sub>2</sub> = indeks bias prisma<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">β</span> = sudut pembias prisma<br />
Dm = sudut deviasi minimum prisma</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span><span>2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Spektrometer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometri merupakan metode analisis yang didasarkan pada absorpsi radiasi elektromagnet. Cahaya terdiri dari radiasi terhadap mana mata manusia peka, gelombang dengan panjang berlainan akan menimbulkan cahaya yang berlainan sedangkan campuran cahaya dengan panjang-panjang ini akan menyusun cahaya putih. Cahaya putih meliputi seluruh spektrum nampak 400-760 mm (Anonim, 1979).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrofotometri menyiratkan pengukuran jauhnya penyerapan energi cahaya oleh suatu sistem kimia itu sebagai suatu fungsi dari panjang gelombang radiasi, demikian pula pengukuran penyerapan yang menyendiri pada suatu panjang gelombang tertentu (Underwood, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa dispersi cahaya dapat diamati melalui spektrofotometer. Sinar cahaya yang digunakan berupa lampu gas yang diberi tegangan tinggi, sehingga lampu akan memancarkan sinar-sinar dengan panjang gelombang yang spesifik (tergantung jenis gas yang digunakan).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><v:group coordorigin="3085,3691" coordsize="6503,3479" id="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 173.95pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 40.85pt; margin-top: 16.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 325.15pt; z-index: 251656192;"> <v:group coordorigin="3480,4590" coordsize="480,915" id="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 915px; left: 3330px; position: absolute; top: 5295px; width: 480px;"> <v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t56" o:spt="56" path="m10800,l,8259,4200,21600r13200,l21600,8259xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connectangles="270,180,90,90,90,0" o:connectlocs="10800,0;0,8259;4200,21600;10800,21600;17400,21600;21600,8259" o:connecttype="custom" textboxrect="4200,5077,17400,21600"> </v:path><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1031" style="height: 690px; left: 3480px; position: absolute; top: 4590px; width: 480px;" type="#_x0000_t56"> <v:rect id="_x0000_s1032" style="height: 225px; left: 3600px; position: absolute; top: 5280px; width: 210px;"> </v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1033" style="height: 270px; left: 3945px; position: absolute; top: 5041px; width: 914px;"> <v:shapetype adj="10800" coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t5" o:spt="5" path="m@0,l,21600r21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="prod #0 1 2"> <v:f eqn="sum @1 10800 0"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connectlocs="@0,0;@1,10800;0,21600;10800,21600;21600,21600;@2,10800" o:connecttype="custom" textboxrect="0,10800,10800,18000;5400,10800,16200,18000;10800,10800,21600,18000;0,7200,7200,21600;7200,7200,14400,21600;14400,7200,21600,21600"> <v:handles> <v:h position="#0,topLeft" xrange="0,21600"> </v:h> </v:handles><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" style="height: 1620px; left: 5415px; position: absolute; top: 3691px; width: 1890px;" type="#_x0000_t5"> <v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t32" o:oned="t" o:spt="32" path="m,l21600,21600e"> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"> <o:lock shapetype="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 615px; left: 4755px; position: absolute; top: 4335px; width: 1245px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0pt; left: 6000px; position: absolute; top: 4335px; width: 705px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 390px; left: 6000px; position: absolute; top: 4335px; width: 945px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 390px; left: 6705px; position: absolute; top: 4335px; width: 1350px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:rect id="_x0000_s1039" style="height: 270px; left: 7845px; position: absolute; top: 4771px; width: 914px;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1040" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 316px; left: 6945px; position: absolute; top: 4725px; width: 555px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1041" style="height: 805px; left: 8712px; position: absolute; top: 5041px; width: 876px;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata bilevel="t" cropleft="6562f" cropright="5197f" grayscale="t" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.png"> </v:imagedata><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1042" stroked="f" style="height: 426px; left: 3085px; position: absolute; top: 6210px; width: 1140px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> </v:textbox></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:rect></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:path></v:shapetype></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></v:rect></v:shape></v:stroke></v:shapetype></v:group></v:group></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">LAMPU<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--> <v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1043" stroked="f" style="height: 426px; left: 5833px; position: absolute; top: 4884px; width: 1127px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">PRISMA<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1044" stroked="f" style="height: 426px; left: 3495px; position: absolute; top: 4585px; width: 1530px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">KOLIMATOR<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1045" stroked="f" style="height: 426px; left: 7738px; position: absolute; top: 4290px; width: 1380px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">TEROPONG<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1046" stroked="f" style="height: 426px; left: 5025px; position: absolute; top: 6744px; width: 3285px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2.<span> </span>Penguraian warna<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xp_K-lsIHb4/Tk_X1Z_q0OI/AAAAAAAAAEs/60NjWW_8y0A/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="169" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xp_K-lsIHb4/Tk_X1Z_q0OI/AAAAAAAAAEs/60NjWW_8y0A/s320/4.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br clear="ALL" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan meletakkan lampu gas (Hg) di depan kolimator, maka sinar yang menuju ke arah salah satu sisi prisma akan membentuk spektrum pada sisi lain. Spektrum ini dapat diamati melalui teropong dan diketahui kedudukannya dengan membaca skalanya. jika spektrum diketahui panjang gelombangnya, maka spektrometer dapat dikalibrasi, sehingga spektrometer ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan panjang gelombang spektrum zat yang tidak diketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><v:group coordorigin="3758,10230" coordsize="4522,4013" id="_x0000_s1047" style="height: 200.65pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 74.5pt; margin-top: 1.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 226.1pt; z-index: 251657216;"> <v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t71" o:spt="71" path="m10800,5800l8352,2295,7312,6320,370,2295,4627,7617,,8615r3722,3160l135,14587r5532,-650l4762,17617,7715,15627r770,5973l10532,14935r2715,4802l14020,14457r4125,3638l16837,12942r4763,348l17607,10475,21097,8137,16702,7315,18380,4457r-4225,868l14522,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connectangles="270,180,90,0" o:connectlocs="14522,0;0,8615;8485,21600;21600,13290" o:connecttype="custom" textboxrect="4627,6320,16702,13937"> </v:path><v:shape fillcolor="black" id="_x0000_s1048" strokecolor="#f2f2f2" stroked="f" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 255px; left: 5940px; position: absolute; top: 10230px; width: 180px;" type="#_x0000_t71"> <v:shadow color="#7f7f7f" offset2="-1pt" offset="1pt" on="t" opacity=".5" type="perspective"> </v:shadow><v:group coordorigin="6210,10335" coordsize="225,1215" id="_x0000_s1049" style="height: 1215px; left: 6210px; position: absolute; top: 10335px; width: 225px;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1050" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 1215px; left: 6435px; position: absolute; top: 10335px; width: 0pt;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1051" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0pt; left: 6210px; position: absolute; top: 10335px; width: 225px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> </v:shape><v:group coordorigin="3758,10350" coordsize="4522,3893" id="_x0000_s1052" style="height: 3893px; left: 3758px; position: absolute; top: 10350px; width: 4522px;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1053" style="height: 1065px; left: 5625px; position: absolute; top: 10485px; width: 795px;" type="#_x0000_t5"> <v:shapetype adj="5400" coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t22" o:spt="22" path="m10800,qx0@1l0@2qy10800,21600,21600@2l21600@1qy10800,xem0@1qy10800@0,21600@1nfe"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="prod #0 1 2"> <v:f eqn="sum height 0 @1"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connectangles="270,270,180,90,0" o:connectlocs="10800,@0;10800,0;0,10800;10800,21600;21600,10800" o:connecttype="custom" o:extrusionok="f" textboxrect="0,@0,21600,@2"> <v:handles> <v:h position="center,#0" yrange="0,10800"> </v:h> <o:complex v:ext="view"> </o:complex><v:shape id="_x0000_s1054" style="height: 1980px; left: 5610px; position: absolute; top: 11325px; width: 825px;" type="#_x0000_t22"> <v:shape adj="11200" id="_x0000_s1055" style="height: 1080px; left: 5190px; position: absolute; top: 12495px; width: 1620px;" type="#_x0000_t5"> <v:group coordorigin="6210,10335" coordsize="225,1215" id="_x0000_s1056" style="height: 1215px; left: 5595px; position: absolute; top: 10350px; width: 240px;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1057" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 1215px; left: 6435px; position: absolute; top: 10335px; width: 0pt;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1058" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0pt; left: 6210px; position: absolute; top: 10335px; width: 225px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1059" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 420px; left: 4225px; position: absolute; top: 13020px; width: 1385px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape id="_x0000_s1060" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 495px; left: 6418px; position: absolute; top: 13020px; width: 1082px;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1061" stroked="f" style="height: 428px; left: 5100px; position: absolute; top: 10815px; width: 531px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> </v:textbox></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:group></v:shape></v:shape></v:handles></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:shapetype></v:shape></v:group></v:shape></v:group></v:shape></v:stroke></v:shapetype></v:group></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--> <v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1062" stroked="f" style="height: 428px; left: 4328px; position: absolute; top: 12870px; width: 697px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">T<sub>1</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1063" stroked="f" style="height: 428px; left: 6803px; position: absolute; top: 12877px; width: 697px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">T<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1064" stroked="f" style="height: 428px; left: 5811px; position: absolute; top: 12532px; width: 592px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">α</span></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1065" stroked="f" style="height: 428px; left: 3758px; position: absolute; top: 13815px; width: 4522px;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> <!--[if !mso]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3. Mengukur sudut puncak prisma<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div><!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--></v:textbox> </v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mkUC1tTu73U/Tk_X4cm8RXI/AAAAAAAAAEw/LgY96o8CuMM/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mkUC1tTu73U/Tk_X4cm8RXI/AAAAAAAAAEw/LgY96o8CuMM/s200/5.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk lampu Hg paling sedikit ada sembilan garis spektrum, diantaranya dengan panjang gelombang sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 21.3pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NO.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WARNA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">λ(Ǻ)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6243<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5700<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5770<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5461<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hijau – biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4916 – 4359<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4348<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Violet<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4078<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" width="54"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Violet<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.25pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4047<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipasang lampu Hg pada sistem tegangan tinggi. Jangan menghubungkan sumber tegangan (PLN) sebelum memasang lampu Hg.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Diatur letak lampu di belakang celah kolimator agar sinar dapat sampai ke prisma. Dinyalakan lampu (dihubungkan dengan sumber PLN).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diatur fokus teropong agar dapat melihat benda di tak terhingga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diatur letak dan celah kolimator agar spektrum yang terjadi cukup tajam dan spektrum tampak bersama-sama dengan pembagian skala.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicatat kedudukan teropong untuk semua garis spektrum lampu Hg.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicatat pula kuat dan lemahnya garis spektrum-spektrum ini (intensitasnya).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diletakkan prisma sama sisi di atas meja spektrometer dengan mengubah kedudukan teropong, dicari kedudukan spektrumnya pada kkesua sisi (sisi kanan dan sisi kiri). Dicatat kedudukan teropong pada skala berapa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicatat kedudukan teropong hingga terlihat pantulan cahaya oleh kedua sisi prisma.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diganti prisma dengan prisma yang sama kaki, diulangi percobaan no.5 dan 6 dengan cara yang sama.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL DAN ANALISA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Hasil Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 530px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WARNA<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" width="274"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Deviasi Minimum D <sub>min</sub> (<span> </span><sup>0</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelombang λ<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Angstrum Å)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆ = 60<sup>0 </sup>(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆ = 90 <sup>0</sup> (A)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 40.8pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisi 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisi 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisi 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisi 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">319<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">332,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6234<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">318,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">332,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">26,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">318<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">40,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">332<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">26,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5790<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">317,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">41.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">331,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">28,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5770<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">317<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">41,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">331<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">28,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5461<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">317<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">330,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4358<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" width="43"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.35pt;" width="106"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">316,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">42,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">330,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.5pt;" width="107"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4047<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Section2"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa Matematis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 874px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="10" style="border-color: windowtext black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 493.6pt;" width="658"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Deviasi Minimum D <sub>min</sub> (<span> </span><sup>0</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Panjang gelombang (Angstrum Å)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 23.25pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 23.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 250.2pt;" width="334"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">∆ = 60<sup>0 </sup>(A)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" style="border-color: windowtext black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 23.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 243.4pt;" width="325"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">∆ = 90 <sup>0</sup> (A)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103pt;" width="137"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sisi 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.45pt;" width="139"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sisi 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>) rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.15pt;" width="126"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sisi 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Sisi 2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>) rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)-180<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">180-(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)-180<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">180-(D <sub>min</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">319<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">140<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">332,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">152,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">154<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">153,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">6234<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">318,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">40,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">332,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">152,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">26,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">153,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">152,85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">6152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">318<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">40,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">139,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">332<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">26,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">153,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">152,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5790<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">317,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">41,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">331,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">28,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5770<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">317<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">41,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">331<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">28,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151,15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">5461<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">317<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">138<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">330,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">150,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">151<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">150,85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4358<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">316,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.65pt;" width="88"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">136,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.75pt;" width="53"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">42,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137,8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">137,15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.7pt;" width="52"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">330,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">150,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.4pt;" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">29,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.1pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">150,8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">150,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" width="90"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">4047<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.2.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks bias<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghitung indeks bias masing-masing warna dengan menggunakan persamaan :</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LZylIxld6QQ/Tk_a2PD8YeI/AAAAAAAAAE0/8KRenvCzaFU/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LZylIxld6QQ/Tk_a2PD8YeI/AAAAAAAAAE0/8KRenvCzaFU/s1600/6.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape equationxml="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
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Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>A</m:t></m:r></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 45.75pt; width: 107.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm;">Dimana ; <span> </span>A<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Sudut bias prisma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Indeks bias prisma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>D<sub>min </sub>: Sudut Deviasi minimum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">prisma </span><span style="color: black;">sama sisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 79.6pt; width: 281px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.55pt;" valign="top" width="281"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 60<sup>0 </sup>(A)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dmin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">139,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9711<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">139<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9726<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">138,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9736<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">138<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9753<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">137,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9762<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">137,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9767<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.9pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">137,15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9776<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">prisma sama kaki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 81.5pt; width: 276px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 206.75pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 90 <sup>0</sup> (A)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dmin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">153,25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9146<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">152,85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9184<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">152,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9194<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">151,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9243<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">151,15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9266<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">150,85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9280<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.65pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">150,65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9284<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya Dispersi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 78pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape equationxml="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
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w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>Dispersi=</m:t></m:r><m:f><m:fPr><m:ctrlPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r><m:rPr><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>indeks bias</m:t></m:r></m:num><m:den><m:r><m:rPr><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>panjang gelombang</m:t></m:r></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 29.25pt; width: 171.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.png"> </v:imagedata><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fd7J1YBgRAA/Tk_a3NDDmxI/AAAAAAAAAE4/L6anljxf3js/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Fd7J1YBgRAA/Tk_a3NDDmxI/AAAAAAAAAE4/L6anljxf3js/s1600/7.png" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">prisma sama sisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 76.3pt; width: 322px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" width="39"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-color: windowtext black windowtext windowtext; border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.1pt;" width="179"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 60<sup>0 </sup>(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">λ(Ǻ)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9711<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6234<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9726<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9736<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5790<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9753<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5770<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9762<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5461<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9767<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4358<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9776<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4047<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">prisma sama kaki<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 76.3pt; width: 319px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="border-color: windowtext black windowtext windowtext; border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.2pt;" valign="top" width="319"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 90<sup>0 </sup>(A)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">λ(Ǻ)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9146<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6234<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jingga/orange<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9184<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6152<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9194<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5790<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9243<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5770<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9266<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5461<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9280<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4358<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.3pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ungu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9284<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4047<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.65pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya Dispersi Fraunhofer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-maVXeQ4e-5Q/Tk_a4PAArPI/AAAAAAAAAE8/xYMv_MIg0Yk/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-maVXeQ4e-5Q/Tk_a4PAArPI/AAAAAAAAAE8/xYMv_MIg0Yk/s1600/8.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shape equationxml="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
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m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>D</m:t></m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:ascii="Cambria Math" w:h-ansi="Cambria Math"/><wx:font wx:val="Cambria Math"/><w:b/><w:i/></w:rPr><m:t>-1</m:t></m:r></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara></w:p><w:sectPr wsp:rsidR="00000000"><w:pgSz w:w="12240" w:h="15840"/><w:pgMar w:top="1440" w:right="1440" w:bottom="1440" w:left="1440" w:header="720" w:footer="720" w:gutter="0"/><w:cols w:space="720"/></w:sectPr></w:body></w:wordDocument>" id="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 27.75pt; width: 60pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana : n<sub>f </sub>: n warna biru<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>n<sub>c </sub>: n warna merah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>n<sub>D</sub>: n warna kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>prisma sama sisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 76.3pt; width: 217px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td colspan="3" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163pt;" valign="bottom" width="217"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 60</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">°</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">ω<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9767<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0058<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9711<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="70"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9736<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">prisma sama kaki<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 76.3pt; width: 209px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td colspan="3" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">∆ = 90</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">°</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(A)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">ω<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9280<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0,0146<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9146<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9194<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa Teoritis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cahaya polikromatik dapat terdispersi menjadi cahaya monokromatik bila dilewatkan pada<span> </span>sebuah prisma. Spektrum-spektrum warna yang terbentuk dapat diamati melalui spektrofotometer. Dengan mengetahui skala kedudukan teropong (sudut deviasi minimum) dan sudut bias prisma, maka secara matematis indeks bias prisma dapat diketahui. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembacaan skala kedudukan teropong (Dmin) dilakukan dua kali, dari sisi kanan dan sisi kiri. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meminimalisir kesalahan pembacaan skala. Dengan pembacaan dua sisi diharapkan ketelitian dalam membaca skala sehingga di dapat data yang akurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil percobaan, dapat dilihat bahwa indeks bias prisma memberikan nilai yang berbeda pada masing-masing panjang gelombang. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena masing-masing spektrum warna menghasilkan sudut deviasi minimum yang berbeda. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan mengetahui indeks bias prisma pada masing-masing panjang gelombang, maka daya dispersi prisma dapat diketahui. Daya dispersi fraunhofer pada prisma sama sisi adalah sebesar 0,0058 sedangkan pada prisma sama kaki </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daya dispersi fraunhofer</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,0146. Hal ini dapat menunjukan bahwa prisma sama kaki memiliki kemampuan menguraikan cahaya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan prisma sama sisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Tugas Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah yang dimaksud dengan dispersi cahaya?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi cahaya adalah penguraian cahaya polikromatik (cahaya putih) menjadi cahaya monokromatik (merah, jingga, kuing, hijau, biru nila, ungu) lewat pembiasan atau pembelokan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terangkan terjadinya spektrum cahaya pada prisma!<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrum cahaya pada prisma terjadi akibat dari pembelokan cahaya oleh prisma. Prisma terdiri dari dua bidang datar, pembias I dan pembias II. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada bidang pembias I, sinar dibiaskan mendekati garis normal, sebab sinar datang dari zat optik kurang rapat ke zat optik lebih rapat yaitu dari udara ke kaca. Sebaliknya pada bidang pembias II, sinar dibiaskan menjahui garis normal, sebab sinar datang dari zat optik rapat ke zat optik kurang rapat yaitu dari kaca ke udara. Sehingga seberkas sinar yang melewati sebuah prisma akan mengalami pembelokan arah dari arah semula dan terbentuklah spektrum warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah fungsi dari kolimator? Jelaskan!<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolimator berfungsi untuk mengubah sinar/cahaya menjadi berkas yang sejajar. Sinar yang berasal dari sumber merupakan berkas sinar baur (memancar kesegala arah). Oleh kalimator sinar baur tersebut diubah menjadi berkas sinar yang sejajar sebelum dilewatkan ke prisma.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Tugas Akhir<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1068" style="height: 33.75pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 170.7pt; margin-top: 27.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 29.25pt; z-index: 251660288;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.wmz"> </v:imagedata><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_s1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1375385590"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><v:shape id="_x0000_s1069" style="height: 68.25pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 40.2pt; margin-top: 27.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 96.75pt; z-index: 251661312;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.wmz"> </v:imagedata><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_s1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1375385591"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Turunkan rumus-rumus yang digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></v:shape></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-83565689777864602522011-08-20T22:42:00.000+07:002011-08-20T22:42:09.825+07:00Laporan Voltameter tembaga<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1034"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1031"/> <o:r id="V:Rule2" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1032"/> <o:r id="V:Rule3" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1033"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ujuan Percobaan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan kami melakukan percobaan voltameter Tembaga ini adalah untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengamati perubahan energi listrik menjadi energi kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami prinsip pemurnian logam dan penyapuhan (<i>electroplating</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan tara kimia listrik dari tembaga<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan ini kami menggunakan beberapa alat, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tameter Tembaga yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bejana<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keping Tembaga Anoda (dekat dinding)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keping Tembaga Katoda (di tengah-tengah)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Katoda pertolongan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber arus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amperemeter DC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stopwatch<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahanan geser pengatur arus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabel – kabel penghubung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca teknis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tembaga</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tembaga yang dikatakan murni sifatnya, yaitu lunak, liat, dan dapat diregangkan atau mulur. Selain itu juga kemampuannya sebagai penghantar panas dan penghantar listriknya tinggi, juga tahan korosi. Pada udara terbuka, tembaga membentuk lapisan pelindung berwarna hijau dari Cu karbonat yang dikenal dengan nama Platina. Tembaga bila berhubungan langsung dengan asam cuka, akan menjadi terusi yang beracun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tembaga murni jelek untuk dicor, dimana dalam proses pengecoran, hasilnya Porus. Akan tetapi apabila diberikan suatu tambahan yaitu dengan jumlah kurang dari 1% bersama-sama akan memperbaiki sifat untuk mampu dicor. Tambahan-tambahan tersebut antara lain: seng, mangan, timah putih, timah hitam, magnesium, nikel, phospor, dan silisium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan setengah jadi, bahwa tembaga dapat dicor dalam suhu antara 800 - 900 0 C<span> </span>untuk dibuat blok, plat yang nantinya dilanjutkan proses rol atau ditekan untuk dibuat batangan, profil atau pipa, dan lain sebagainya. Dan untuk pengerjaan selanjutnya seperti proses dingin untuk dibuat atau dijadikan lembaran-lembaran tipis (foil) sampai ketebalan 0,01 mm dan dibuat kawat sampai diameter 0,02 mm, akan tetapi dengan cara tersebut, tembaga akan menjadi keras dan rapuh. Karena sifat mampu bentuknya baik sekali, tembaga dibuat bermacam-macam kebutuhan barang-barang tempa maupun tekan (forming). Melalui proses pelunakan ulang (soft anealing) pada temperatur antara 300 - 700 °C akan didapatkan sifat seperti semula dan harga/nilai keregangannya kembali meningkat. Dan proses terakhir pada quenching tidak akan kembali keras, melainkan menjadi bahan mampu tempa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pengerjaan yang berhubungan dengan panas yang berulang-ulang atau untuk bagian yang dilas atau disolder, dapat menggunakan bermacam-macam bahan tembaga, misalnya dari tembaga jenis bebas O<sub>2</sub> yaitu SB-Cu atau SD-Cu, bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahan tersebut baik dan lunak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ntuk penyolderan keras maupun pengelasan tanpa gas lindung pun akan baik kemampuan lasnya. Pada pengerjaan permesinan, misalnya : pembubutan, frais, bor atau shaping, dan sebagainya, bahwa tembaga murni mempunyai tatal atau cip yang terlalu liat dan padat, dan dapat merusak alat potongnya (cutter). Untuk itu pada alat potong untuk pengerjaan tembaga, diberikan sudut pemotongan khusus dan menggunakan minyak tanah atau oli bor emultion (dromus B) sebagai pelicin membantu pemotongan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Voltameter Tembaga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Voltameter Tembaga merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur besar tegangan listrik dalam suatu rangkaian listrik. Alat ini terdiri dari tiga buah lempengan tembaga yang terpasang pada sebuah bakelite yang dirangkai dalam sebuah tabung kaca atau plastik. Lempengan luar berperan sebagai anoda sedangkan yang di tengah sebagai katoda. Umumnya tabung tersebut berukuran 15 x 10cm (tinggi x diameter). Tembaga memiliki berat<span> </span>jenis 8,93 gram/cm3, titik cairnya : 1083 0<sup>C</sup>, mampu tariknya : 200 – 360 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, perpanjangan/regangan/ : 35 – 50 %, penyusutan dingin : 2%. Metal/logam dapat bertindak sebagai konduktor listrik, akibat adanya pergerakan bebas dari elektron-elektron pada strukturnya. Secara sederhana konduksinya disebut konduksi metalik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Jika kedua elektrode dihubungkan dengan arus listrik searah (DC), maka ion-ion pada larutan akan bergerak berlawanan arah. Artinya, ion-ion positif akan bergerak ke elektrode negatif, sebaliknya ion-ion negatif akan bergerak kearah elektrode positif. Pergerakan-pergerakan muatan ion dalam larutan akan membawa energi listrik. Kondisi demikian ini disebut elektrolitik. Apabila ion-ion dalam larutan terkontak dengan elektrode maka reaksi kimia akan terjadi. Pada katode akan mengalami reduksi dan pada anoda akan mengalami oksidasi.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat hantaran listrik zat cair dapat dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolator, misal : air murni, minyak, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan ion, missal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengalami perubahan kimia, misal : asam-basa, garam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-84364611025700987122011-08-20T21:26:00.000+07:002011-08-20T21:26:50.013+07:00materi & energi<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CSamsung%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">UNSUR :<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Materi yang tidak dapat diuraikan dengan reaksi kimia menjadi zat yang lebih sederhana, contoh : H, O, Fe. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SENYAWA : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Materi yang dibentuk dari dua atau lebih unsur dengan perbandingan tertentu, contoh : H<b><sub>2</sub></b>O, CuSO<b><sub>4</sub></b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CAMPURAN : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gabungan dua materi atau lebih dengan perbandingan sembarang, contoh : alkohol + air, Fe + Cu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Campuran Homogen </span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: partikel menyebar merata sehingga membentuk satu fasa, contoh : gula dalam air<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Campuran Heterogen </span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">:tidak merata dan membentuk dua fasa atau lebih contoh : air + minyak, pasir + air <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">MATERI :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sesuatu yang mempunyai massa dan menempati ruang ----4 dapat disentuh, dirasa dan dilihat, contoh : buku, sapi, batu, diri kita sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ENERGI : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Suatu kekuatan untuk melakukan kerja pada suatu materi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jika energi yang dikandung materi sebelum perubahan >> dari sesudahnya â akan keluar sejumlah energi : <b><i>peristiwa</i> <i>eksotermik</i>,</b> contoh : kayu jatuh, kayu terbakar, air mengalir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jika sebaliknya : â akan menyerap sejumlah energi : <b><i>peristiwa</i> <i>endotermik</i>,</b> contoh : mengangkat batu, memasak nasi, menguapkan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk energi tergantung pada perubahan energi. Bentuk-bentuk energi :energi kinetik, potensial, panas, cahaya, listrik, kimia, dan nuklir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Energi Kinetik <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh materi yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ek = ½ . m . V<sup>2</sup></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">J = kg.m<sup>2</sup>.s<sup>-2</sup></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ek = energi kinetik (J)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">m = massa materi (kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">v = kecepatan gerak materi (m.s<b><sup>-1</sup></b>) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Energi Potensial<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh materi berdasarkan tinggi rendah kedudukannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ep = m . g . h</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ep = energi Potensial (J)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">g = percepatan gravitasi (m.s<b><sup>-2</sup></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H = tinggi materi dari permukaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> bumi (m) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3. Energi Panas <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh materi yang bergerak, yang berwujud gas, cair dan padat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: red;">Q= m.c.∆T </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">q = energi panas (Kal)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">w = massa materi (g)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">c</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> = kalor jenis ( kal. derajat<b><sup>-</sup></b><sup>1 </sup>. g<b><sup>-</sup></b><sup>1</sup> )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">t<sub>2 </sub>= suhu akhir t<sub>1 </sub>= suhu awal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 kal=4,184 J<sup> </sup></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">4. Energi Cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh materi yang bergerak, dalam hal ini suatu foton dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: red;">Ec = h.C / λ</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ec = energi cahaya (J)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">h = tetapan planck (6,626x10-34 J.s) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">λ= panjang gelombang (meter)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C = kecepatan cahaya </span><span lang="EN-US">3x10<sup>-8 </sup>m/s</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span>5. Energi Listrik<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Energi yang dimiliki oleh materi yang bergerak, dalam hal ini suatu partikel yang bermuatan dalam suatu media (konduktor).</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span><span style="background-color: red;">W = q.v</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span>W= energi listrik (J)<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span>q = muatan yang mengalir (coulomb,c)<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span>v= beda potensial (volt, v)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">6. Energi Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh suatu senyawa dalam bentuk energi ikatan antara atom-atomnya.<span> </span>Energi yang dihasilkan dalam reaksi kimia.<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Contoh 2CH </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>º</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">CH + 5O<b><sub>2</sub></b> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> 4 CO<b><sub>2<span> </span></sub></b>+ 2H<b><sub>2</sub></b>0<span> </span>menghasilkan energi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> proses pengelasan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">7. Energi Nuklir<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Energi yang dimiliki oleh inti atom karena adanya ikatan yang kuat antara partikel didalamnya.<span> </span>Energi ini akan keluar jika suatu inti berubah menjadi inti lain.<span> </span>Besarnya tergantung jenis dan jumlah inti. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">LATIHAN SOAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span> </span>Berapa massa suatu benda yang jatuh dari gedung yang<span> </span>tingginya 5 m ke meja yang tingginya 1 m, dengan energi sebesar 78,48 J .</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (Jawab : 2Kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span> </span>Sebuah benda dengan massa 5 kg, bergerak dengan energi 250 J.<span> </span>Berapa kira-kira kecepatan gerak dari benda tersebut. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>(Jawab : </span><span lang="EN-US">10 m . s<b><sup>-1</sup></b></span><b><span>)</span></b><span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hitung energi ( J ) yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan <span> </span>suhu 7 gram besi dari 25<sup>O</sup> Celcius sampai 100<sup>O </sup>Celcius. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>(Jawab : 237,2 J)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">diketahui kalor jenis Fe = 0,108 kal.derajat<sup>-1</sup>/gram. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span> </span>Tentukan panjang gelombang dari suatu sinar foton dengan energi 3,88 X 10<sup>-19</sup> J. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(Jawab : 540 nm )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span> </span>Berapa energi listrik yang dihasilkan jika <span> </span>muatan sebesar 50 C mengalir melalui kawat<span> </span>yang beda potensialnya 10 V. (Jawab : 500 J)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-44724486357353904152011-02-02T15:00:00.002+07:002011-08-20T21:40:24.579+07:00Kromatografi Gas-Cair<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="10" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica,Arial; font-size: large;"><b>Kromatografi Gas-Cair</b></span><br />
Kromatografi gas-cair (biasa disebut kromatografi gas) merupakan analisis yang sangat bermanfaat.<br />
<br />
<b>Pelaksanaan kromatografi gas-cair<br />
</b><br />
<b>Pengantar</b><br />
<br />
Seluruh bentuk kromatografi terdiri dari fase diam dan fase gerak. Dalam seluruh bentuk kromatografi yang lain, anda akan menemui fase gerak adalah cairan. Dalam kromatografi gas-cair, fase gerak adalah gas seperti helium dan fase diam adalah cairan yang mempunyai titik didih yang tinggi diserap pada padatan.<br />
<br />
Bagaimana kecepatan suatu senyawa tertentu bergerak melalui mesin, akan tergantung pada seberapa lama waktu yang dihabiskan untuk bergerak dengan gas dan sebaliknya melekat pada cairan dengan jalan yang sama.<br />
<br />
<b>Diagram alir kromatografi gas-cair<br />
</b> <div align="center"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img height="235" src="file:///D:/Mui%20cute/elmu/Situs%20Web%20Kimia%20Indonesia%20_%20Belajar%20Online%20GC_files/gas1.gif" width="376" /></span></span></div></td></tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Injeksi sampel</b><br />
<br />
Sejumlah kecil sampel yang akan dianalisis diinjeksikan pada mesin menggunakan semprit kecil. Jarum semprit menembus lempengan karet tebal (Lempengan karet ini disebut septum) yang mana akan mengubah bentuknya kembali secara otomatis ketika semprit ditarik keluar dari lempengan karet tersebut.<br />
<br />
Injektor berada dalam oven yang mana temperaturnya dapat dikontrol. Oven tersebut cukup panas sehingga sampel dapat mendidih dan diangkut ke kolom oleh gas pembawa misalnya helium atau gas lainnya.<br />
<br />
<b>Bagaimana kerja kolom? <br />
</b><br />
<b><i>Material padatan</i><br />
</b><br />
Ada dua tipe utama kolom dalam kromatografi gas-cair. Tipe pertama, tube panjang dan tipis berisi material padatan; Tipe kedua, lebih tipis dan memiliki fase diam yang berikatan dengan pada bagian terdalam permukaannya.<br />
<br />
Untuk menyederhanakan, kita akan melihat pada kolom terpadatkan.<br />
Kolom biasanya dibuat dari baja tak berkarat dengan panjang antara 1 sampai 4 meter, dengan diameter internal sampai 4 mm. Kolom digulung sehingga dapat disesuakan dengan oven yang terkontrol secara termostatis.<br />
<br />
Kolom dipadatkan dengan tanah diatomae, yang merupakan batu yang sangat berpori. Tanah ini dilapisis dengan cairan bertitik didih tinggi, biasanya polimer lilin.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Temperatur kolom<br />
</b></i><br />
Temperatur kolom dapat bervariasi antara 50 <sup>o</sup>C sampai 250 <sup>o</sup>C. Temperatur kolom lebih rendah daripada gerbang injeksi pada oven, sehingga beberapa komponen campuran dapat berkondensasi pada awal kolom.<br />
<br />
Dalam beberapa kasus, seperti yang anda akan lihat pada bagian bawah, kolom memulai pada temperatur rendah dan kemudian terus menerus menjadi lebih panas dibawah pengawasan komputer saat analisis berlangsung. <br />
<br />
<i><b>Bagaimana pemisahan berlangsung pada kolom?<br />
</b></i><br />
Ada tiga hal yang dapat berlangsung pada molekul tertentu dalam campuran yang diinjeksikan pada kolom: <ul><li>Molekul dapat berkondensasi pada fase diam. </li>
<li>Molekul dapat larut dalam cairan pada permukaan fase diam </li>
<li>Molekul dapat tetap pada fase gas </li>
</ul>Dari ketiga kemungkinan itu, tak satupun yang bersifat permanen.<br />
<br />
Senyawa yang mempunyai titik didih yang lebih tinggi dari temperatur kolom secara jelas cenderung akan berkondensasi pada bagian awal kolom. Namun, beberapa bagian dari senyawa tersebut akan menguap kembali dengan dengan jalan yang sama seperti air yang menguap saat udara panas, meskipun temperatur dibawah 100 <sup>o</sup>C. Peluangnya akan berkondensasi lebih sedikit selama berada didalam kolom.<br />
<br />
Sama halnya untuk beberapa molekul dapat larut dalam fase diam cair. Beberapa senyawa akan lebih mudah larut dalam cairan dibanding yang lainnya. Senyawa yang lebih mudah larut akan menghabiskan waktunya untuk diserap pada fase diam: sedangkan senyawa yang suka larut akan menghabiskan waktunya lebih banyak dalam fase gas.<br />
<br />
Proses dimana zat membagi dirinya menjadi dua pelarut yang tidak bercampurkan karena perbedaan kelarutan, dimana kelarutan dalam satu pelarut satu lebih mudah dibanding dengan pelarut lainnya disebut sebagai<i> partisi.</i> Sekarang, anda bisa beralasan untuk memperdebatkan bahwa gas seperti helium tidak dapat dijelaskan sebagai “pelarut”. Tetapi, istilah <i>partisi</i> masih dapat digunakan dalam kromatografi gas-cair.<br />
<br />
Anda dapat mengatakan bahwa substansi antara fase diam cair dan gas. Beberapa molekul dalam substansi menghabiskan waktu untuk larut dalam cairan dan beberapa lainnya menghabiskan waktu untuk bergerak bersama-sama dengan gas.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Waktu retensi<br />
</b></i><br />
Waktu yang digunakan oleh senyawa tertentu untuk bergerak melalui kolom menuju ke detektor disebut sebagi <b>waktu retensi.</b> Waktu ini diukur berdasarkan waktu dari saat sampel diinjeksikan pada titik dimana tampilan menunujukkan tinggi puncak maksimum untuk senyawa itu.<br />
<br />
Setiap senyawa memiliki waktu retensi yang berbeda. Untuk senyawa tertentu, waktu retensi sangat bervariasi dan bergantung pada: <ul><li>Titik didih senyawa. Senyawa yang mendidih pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi daripada temperatur kolom, akan menghabiskan hampir seluruh waktunya untuk berkondensasi sebagai cairan pada awal kolom. Dengan demikian, titik didih yang tinggi akan memiliki waktu retensi yang lama. </li>
<li>Kelarutan dalam fase cair. Senyawa yang lebih mudah larut dalam fase cair, akan mempunyai waktu lebih singkat untuk dibawa oleh gas pembawa.. Kelarutan yang tinggi dalam fase cair berarti memiiki waktu retensi yang lama. </li>
<li>Temperatur kolom. Temperatur tinggi menyebakan pergerakan molekul-molekul dalam fase gas; baik karena molekul-molekul lebih mudah menguap, atau karena energi atraksi yang tinggi cairan dan oleh karena itu tidak lama tertambatkan. Temperatur kolom yang tinggi mempersingkat waktu retensi untuk segala sesuatunya di dalam kolom.</li>
</ul>Untuk memberikan sampel dan kolom, tidak ada banyak yang bisa dikerjakan menggunakan titik didih senyawa atau kelarutannya dalam fase cair, tetapi anda dapat mempunyai pengatur temperatur.<br />
<br />
Semakin rendah temperatur kolom semakin baik pemisahan yang akan anda dapatkan, tetapi akan memakan waktu yang lama untuk mendapatkan senyawa karena kondensasi yang lama pada bagian awal kolom!<br />
<br />
Dengan kata lain, menggunakan temperatur tinggi, segala sesuatunya akan melalui kolom lebih cepat, tetapi pemisihannya kurang baik. Jika segala sesuatunya melalui kolom dalam waktu yang sangat singkat, tidak akan terdapat jarak antara puncak-puncak dalam kromatogram.<br />
<br />
Jawabannya dimulai dengan kolom dengan suhu yang rendah kemudian perlahan-lahan secara teratur temperaturnya dinaikkan.<br />
<br />
Pada awalnya, senyawa yang menghabiskan lebih banyak waktunya dalam fase gas akan melalui kolom secara cepat dan dapat dideteksi. Dengan adanya sedikit pertambahan temperatur akan memperjelas “perlekatan” senyawa. Peningkatan temperatur masih dapat lebih `melekatan` molekul-molekul fase diam melalui kolom.<br />
<br />
<b>Detektor<br />
</b><br />
Ada beberapa tipe detektor yang biasa digunakan. Detektor ionisasi nyala dijelaskan pada bagian bawah penjelasan ini, merupakan detektor yang umum dan lebih mudah untuk dijelaskan daripada detektor alternatif lainnya. <br />
<br />
<i><b>Detektor ionisasi nyala<br />
</b></i><br />
Dalam mekanisme reaksi, pembakaran senyawa organik merupakan hal yang sangat kompleks. Selama proses, sejumlah ion-ion dan elektron-elektron dihasilkan dalam nyala. Kehadiran ion dan elektron dapat dideteksi. <br />
<br />
Seluruh detektor ditutup dalam oven yang lebih panas dibanding dengan temperatur kolom. Hal itu menghentikan kondensasi dalam detektor.<br />
<div align="center"><img height="356" src="file:///D:/Mui%20cute/elmu/Situs%20Web%20Kimia%20Indonesia%20_%20Belajar%20Online%20GC_files/gas2.gif" width="343" /></div></td></tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> Jika tidak terdapat senyawa organik datang dari kolom, anda hanya memiliki nyala hidrogen yang terbakar dalam air. Sekarang, anggaplah bahwa satu senyawa dalam campuran anda analisa mulai masuk ke dalam detektor.<br />
<br />
Ketika dibakar, itu akan menghasilkan sejumlah ion-ion dan elektron-elektron dalam nyala. Ion positif akan beratraksi pada katoda silinder. Ion-ion negatif dan elektron-elektron akan beratraksi pancarannya masing-masing yang mana merupakan anoda.<br />
<br />
Hal ini serupa dengan apa yang terjadi selama elektrolisis normal.<br />
<br />
Pada katoda, ion positif akan mendatangi elektron-elektron dari katoda dan menjadi netral. Pada anoda, beberapa elektron dalam nyala akan dipindahkan pada elektroda positif; ion-ion negatif akan memberikan elektron-elektronnya pada elektroda dan menjadi netral.<br />
<br />
Kehilangam elektron-elektron dari satu elektroda dan perolehan dari elektroda lain, akan menghasilkan aliran elektron-elektron dalam sirkuit eksternal dari anoda ke katoda. Dengan kata lain, anda akan memperoleh arus listrik.<br />
<br />
Arus yang diperoleh tidak besar, tetapi dapat diperkuat. Jika senyawa-senyawa organik lebih banyak dalam nyala, maka akan banyak juga dihasilkan ion-ion, dan dengan demikian akan terjadi arus listrik yang lebih kuat. Ini adalah pendekatan yang beralasan, khususnya jka anda berbicara tentang senyawa-senyawa yang serupa, arus yang anda ukur sebanding dengan jumlah senyawa dalam nyala.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Kekurangan detektor ionisasi nyala</i></b><br />
<br />
Kekurangan utama dari detektor ini adalah pengrusakan setiap hasil yang keluar dari kolom sebagaimana yang terdeteksi. Jika anda akan mengrimkan hasil ke spektrometer massa, misalnya untuk analisa lanjut, anda tidak dapat menggunakan detektor tipe ini.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Penerjemahan hasil dari detektor</i></b><br />
<br />
Hasil akan direkam sebagai urutan puncak-puncak; setiap puncak mewakili satu senyawa dalam campuran yang melalui detektor. Sepanjang anda mengontrol secara hati-hati kondisi dalam kolom, anda dapat menggunakan waktu retensi untuk membantu mengidentifikasi senyawa yang tampak-tentu saja anda atau seseorang lain telah menganalisa senyawa murni dari berbagai senyawa pada kondisi yang sama.<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><img height="174" src="file:///D:/Mui%20cute/elmu/Situs%20Web%20Kimia%20Indonesia%20_%20Belajar%20Online%20GC_files/gas3.gif" width="292" /></div>Area dibawah puncak sebanding dengan jumlah setiap senyawa yang telah melewati detektor, dan area ini dapat dihitung secara otomatis melalui komputer yang dihubungkan dengan monitor. Area yang akan diukur tampak sebagai bagian yang berwarna hijau dalam gambar yang disederhanakan.<br />
<br />
Perlu dicatat bahwa tinggi puncak tidak merupakan masalah, tetapi total area dibawah puncak. Dalam beberapa contoh tertentu, bagian kiri gambar adalah puncak tertinggi dan memiliki area yang paling luas. Hal ini tidak selalu merupakan hal seharusnya..<br />
<br />
Mungkin saja sejumlah besar satu senyawa dapat tampak, tetapi dapat terbukti dari kolom dalam jumlah relatif sedikit melalui jumlah yang lama. Pengukuran area selain tinggi puncak dapat dipergunakan dalam hal ini.<br />
<br />
<b>Perangkaian kromatogram gas pada spektrometer massa<br />
</b><br />
Hal ini tidak dapat dillakukan menggunakan detektor ionisasi nyala, karena detektor dapat merusak senyawa yang melaluinya. Anggaplah anda menggunakan detektor yang tidak merusak. Senyawa, <br />
<br />
Ketika detektor menunjukkan puncak, beberapa diantaranya melalui detektor dan pada waktu itu dapat dibelokkan pada spektrometer massa. Hal ini akan memberikan pola fragmentasi yang dapat dibandingkan dengan data dasar senyawa yang telah diketahui sebelumnya pada komputer. Itu berarti bahwa identitas senyawa-senyawa dalam jumlah besar dapat dihasilkan tanpa harus mengetahui waktu retensinya </td></tr>
</tbody></table>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-7246206716095563472011-02-02T14:19:00.000+07:002011-08-20T21:39:05.433+07:00Kimia Organik (pengertian)<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br style="color: black;" /></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span>Pengertian Organik</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #ccccff;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Nama senyawa organik berasal dari kata organisme atau makhluk hidup, karena pada mulanya diduga hanya dapat dibuat oleh organisme. </span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">Friedrich Wholer</span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: black;">(1828)</span><span style="color: black;"> berhasil mensintesis urea, (NH2)2CO (senyawa organik) dengan memanaskan amonium sianat,NH4(CN) (senyawa anorganik).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">Senyawa organik adalah senyawa yang strukturnya</span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"><span> </span>terutama ditentukan oleh atom karbon yang saling berikatan</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black;"> Hidokarbon</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #ccccff;">l</span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">S</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">enyawa hidrokarbon</span><span style="color: black;">, yaitu senyawa yang hanya mengandung unsur hidrogen dan karbon. Senyawa ini dibagi atas hidrokarbon alifatik dan aromatik.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #ccccff;">l</span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Hidrokarbon alifatik</span><span style="color: black;"> adalah senyawa hidrokarbon yang tidak mengandung inti benzena, baik dalam senyawa yang berantai lurus dan bercabang maupun yang siklik.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="color: #ccccff;">l</span></span><span style="color: black;">Kata </span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">alifatik</span><span style="color: black;"> berasal dari ‘</span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">aliephe</span><span style="color: black;">r’ (Yunani) yang berarti lemak. Lemak adalah senyawa organik yang mempunyai rantai karbon terbuka. Jadi, senyawa hidrokarbon adalah senyawa yang umumnya berantai terbuka. Walaupun ada yang berantai tertutup (siklik) tetapi tidak stabil dan cenderung terbuka kembali</span><span style="color: black;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Hidrokarbon a</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">romatik</span><span style="color: black;"> adalah senyawa hidrokarbon yang mengandung inti </span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">benzena</span><span style="color: black;">,</span><span style="color: black;"> yaitu rantai enam karbon yang melingkar tetapi stabil. Kata aromatik </span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">b</span><span style="color: black;">erasal</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">dari aroma (Yunani) yang berarti berbau enak</span><span style="color: black;"> (</span><span style="color: black;">harum</span><span style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Hidrokarbon alifatik</span><span style="color: black;"> yang tidak mengandung ikatan rangkap disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">hidrokarbon </span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">jenuh</span><span style="color: black;"> (alkana) dan yang mngandung ikatan rangkap disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">hidrokarbon tak jenuh</span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;">(alkena dan alkuna). Hidrokarbon siklik yang jenuh disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;">sikloalkana.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-71414966925665730722011-02-02T14:05:00.001+07:002011-02-02T14:05:06.382+07:00pengertian islam dan tingkatannya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A]. Pengertian Islam</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Islam secara etimologi (bahasa) berarti tunduk, patuh, atau berserah diri. Adapun menurut syari’at (terminologi), apabila dimutlakkan berada pada dua pengertian:<br />
<br />
<b>Pertama.</b><br />
Apabila disebutkan sendiri tanpa diiringi dengan kata iman, maka pengertian Islam mencakup seluruh agama, baik ushul (pokok) maupun furu’ (cabang), juga seluruh masalah ‘aqidah, ibadah, keyakinan, perkataan dan perbuatan. Jadi pengertian ini menunjukkan bahwa Islam adalah mengakui dengan lisan, meyakini dengan hati dan berserah diri kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla atas semua yang telah di-tentukan dan ditakdirkan, sebagaimana firman Allah Subhana wa Ta’ala tentang Nabi Ibrahim ‘Alaihis salam[1]<br />
<br />
"(Ingatlah) ketika Rabb-nya berfirman kepadanya (Ibrahim), ‘Berserahdirilah!’ Dia menjawab: ‘Aku berserah diri kepada Rabb seluruh alam.’” [Al-Baqarah: 131]<br />
<br />
Allah Azza wa Jalla juga berfirman<br />
<br />
“Sesungguhnya agama di sisi Allah ialah Islam. Tidaklah berselisih orang-orang yang telah diberi Kitab kecuali setelah mereka memperoleh ilmu, karena kedengkian di antara mereka. Barangsiapa ingkar terhadap ayat-ayat Allah, maka sungguh, Allah sangat cepat perhitungan-Nya.” [Ali ‘Imran: 19]<br />
<br />
Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala juga berfirman:<br />
<br />
"Dan barangsiapa mencari agama selain Islam, dia tidak akan diterima, dan di akhirat dia termasuk orang yang rugi.” [QS. Ali ‘Imran: 85]<br />
<br />
Menurut Syaikh Muhammad bin ‘Abdul Wahhab rahimahullah, definisi Islam adalah:<br />
"Islam adalah berserah diri kepada Allah dengan men-tauhidkan-Nya, tunduk dan patuh kepada-Nya dengan ketaatan, dan berlepas diri dari perbuatan syirik dan para pelakunya"<br />
<br />
<b>Kedua.</b><br />
Apabila kata Islam disebutkan bersamaan dengan kata iman, maka yang dimaksud Islam adalah perkataan dan amal-amal lahiriyah yang dengannya terjaga diri dan harta-nya[2], baik dia meyakini Islam atau tidak. Sedangkan kata iman berkaitan dengan amal hati.[3]<br />
<br />
Sebagaimana firman Allah Azza wa Jalla:<br />
<br />
“Orang-orang Arab Badui berkata, ‘Kami telah beriman.’ Katakanlah (kepada mereka), ‘Kamu belum beriman, tetapi katakanlah, ‘Kami telah tunduk (Islam),’ karena iman belum masuk ke dalam hatimu. Dan jika kamu taat kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, Dia tidak akan mengurangi sedikit pun (pahala) amalmu. Sungguh, Allah Maha Pengampun, Maha Penyayang.’” [Al-Hujuraat : 14]<br />
<br />
<b><u>[B]. Tingkatan Islam</u></b><br />
Tidak diragukan lagi bahwa prinsip agama Islam yang wajib diketahui dan diamalkan oleh setiap muslim ada tiga, yaitu; (1) mengenal Allah Azza wa Jalla, (2) mengenal agama Islam beserta dalil-dalilnya [4], dan (3) mengenal Nabi-Nya, Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. Mengenal agama Islam adalah landasan yang kedua dari prinsip agama ini dan padanya terdapat tiga tingkatan, yaitu Islam, Iman dan Ihsan. Setiap ting-katan mempunyai rukun sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
<b>Tingkatan Pertama : Islam</b><br />
<b>Islam memiliki lima rukun, yaitu:</b><br />
[1]. Bersaksi bahwa tidak ada ilah yang berhak diibadahi dengan benar melainkan hanya Allah, dan bersaksi bahwa Nabi Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam adalah utusan Allah.<br />
[2]. Menegakkan shalat.<br />
[3]. Membayar zakat.<br />
[4]. Puasa di bulan Ramadhan.<br />
[5]. Menunaikan haji ke Baitullah bagi yang mampu menuju ke sana.<br />
Kelima rukun Islam ini berdasarkan sabda Nabi Mu-hammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam.<br />
"Islam itu adalah engkau bersaksi bahwa tidak ada ilah yang berhak diibadahi dengan benar melainkan hanya Allah dan bahwa Muhammad adalah utusan Allah, menegakkan shalat, membayar zakat, berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan dan menunaikan haji ke Baitullah jika engkau mampu menuju ke sana.”[5]<br />
<br />
Juga sabda beliau Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam<br />
"Islam dibangun atas lima hal: bersaksi bahwa tidak ada ilah (sesembahan) yang berhak diibadahi dengan benar melainkan hanya Allah dan bahwa Muhammad adalah utusan Allah, menegakkan shalat, membayar zakat, berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan dan menunaikan haji ke Baitullah.”[6]<br />
<br />
<b>Tingkatan Kedua : Iman</b><br />
Definisi iman menurut Ahlus Sunnah mencakup per-kataan dan perbuatan, yaitu meyakini dengan hati, meng-ikrarkan dengan lisan dan mengamalkan dengan anggota badan, dapat bertambah dengan ketaatan dan dapat ber-kurang dengan sebab perbuatan dosa dan maksiyat.<br />
Iman memiliki beberapa tingkatan, sebagaimana ter-dapat dalam sabda beliau Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam<br />
"Iman memiliki lebih dari tujuh puluh cabang atau lebih dari enam puluh cabang, cabang yang paling tinggi adalah ucapan laa ilaaha illallaah, dan yang paling rendah adalah menyingkirkan duri (rintangan) dari jalan, dan malu adalah salah satu cabang iman.”[7]<br />
<br />
<b>Rukun Iman ada enam, yaitu:</b><br />
[1]. Iman kepada Allah.<br />
[2]. Iman kepada Malaikat-Malaikat-Nya.<br />
[3]. Iman kepada Kitab-Kitab-Nya.<br />
[4]. Iman kepada Rasul-Rasul-Nya.<br />
[5]. Iman kepada hari Akhir.<br />
[6]. Iman kepada takdir yang baik dan buruk.<br />
<br />
Keenam rukun iman ini berdasarkan hadits yang diriwayatkan dari ‘Umar bin al-Khaththab Radhiyallahu ‘anhu dalam jawaban Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam atas perrtanyaan Malaikat Jibril ‘Alaihis sallam tentang iman, yaitu:<br />
"Engkau beriman kepada Allah, Malaikat-Malaikat-Nya, Kitab-Kitab-Nya, Rasul-Rasul-Nya, hari Akhir, dan engkau beriman kepada takdir yang baik dan buruk.”[8]<br />
<br />
<b>Tingkatan Ketiga: Ihsan</b><br />
Ihsan memiliki satu rukun yaitu engkau beribadah kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla seakan-akan engkau melihat-Nya, jika engkau tidak melihat-Nya, maka sesungguhnya Dia me-lihatmu. Hal ini berdasarkan hadits yang diriwayatkan dari ‘Umar bin al-Khaththab Radhiyallahu ‘anhu dalam kisah jawaban Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam kepada Jibril ‘Alaihis salam ketika ia bertanya tentang ihsan, maka Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjawab:<br />
"Engkau beribadah kepada Allah seolah-olah engkau melihat-Nya, maka bila engkau tidak melihat-Nya, sesungguhnya Allah melihatmu.” [9]<br />
<br />
Tidak ragu lagi, bahwa makna ihsan secara bahasa adalah memperbaiki amal dan menekuninya, serta meng-ikhlaskannya. Sedangkan menurut syari’at, pengertian ihsan sebagaimana penjelasan Nabi Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam:<br />
"Engkau beribadah kepada Allah seolah-olah engkau melihat-Nya, maka jika engkau tidak melihat-Nya, sesungguhnya Allah melihatmu"<br />
<br />
Maksudnya, bahwasanya Nabi Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menjelaskan ihsan dengan memperbaiki lahir dan batin, serta menghadirkan kedekatan Allah Azza wa Jalla, yaitu bahwasanya seakan-akan Allah berada di hadapannya dan ia melihat-Nya, dan hal itu akan mengandung konsekuensi rasa takut, cemas, juga peng-agungan kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla, serta mengikhlaskan ibadah kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla dengan memperbaikinya dan mencurahkan segenap kemampuan untuk melengkapi dan menyempurnakannya.[10]<br />
<br />
<b>[Disalin dari buku Prinsip Dasar Islam Menurut Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah yang Shahih, Penulis Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas, Penerbit Psutaka At-Taqwa Po Box 264 Bogor 16001, Cetakan ke 2]</b><br />
_________<br />
<b>Foote Note</b><br />
[1]. Lihat Mufradat Alfaazhil Qur-aan (hal. 423, bagian Óóáöãó) karya al-‘Allamah ar-Raghib al-Ashfahaani dan Ma’aarijul Qabul (II/20-21) karya Syaikh Hafizh bin Ahmad al-Hakami, cet. I, Darul Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.<br />
[2]. Terjaga dirinya maksudnya tidak boleh diperangi (dibunuh) dan terjaga hartanya, maksudnya tidak boleh diambil atau dirampas. Sebagaimana terdapat dalam hadits Arba’iin yang kedelapan.<br />
[3]. Lihat Mufradaat Alfaazhil Qur-aan (hal. 423, bagian Óóáöãó) karya al-‘Allamah ar-Raghib al-Ashfahani, Ma’aarijul Qabuul (II/21) karya Syaikh Hafizh bin Ahmad al-Hakami, cet. I/Darul Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, dan Jaami’ul ‘Uluum wal Hikam oleh al-Hafizh Ibnu Rajab.<br />
[4]. Artinya memahami Islam sebagai agama dengan dalil-dalilnya yang bersumber dari Al-Qur-an dan As-Sunnah yang shahih menurut pemahaman para Shahabat Radhiyallahu ‘anhum<br />
[5]. HR. Muslim (no. 8), Ahmad (I/27), Abu Dawud (no. 4695), at-Tirmidzi (no. 2610), an-Nasa-i (VIII/97-98) dan Ibnu Majah (no. 63), dari Shahabat ‘Umar bin al-Khaththab.<br />
[6]. Muttafaqun ‘alaih: HR. Al-Bukhari dalam Kitaabul Iiman bab Du’aa-ukum Imaanukum (no. 8) dan Muslim dalam Kitaabul Iiman bab Arkaanul Islaam (no. 16).<br />
[7]. HR. Al-Bukhari (no. 9) dan Muslim (no. 35). Lafazh ini milik Muslim dari Shahabat Abu Hurairah Radhiyallahu ‘anhu<br />
[8]. HR. Muslim (no. 8), dari Shahabat ‘Umar bin al-Khaththab Radhiyallahu ‘anhu<br />
[9]. HR. Muslim (no. 8), dari Shahabat ‘Umar bin al-Khaththab Radhiyallahu ‘anhu<br />
[10]. Lihat Jaami’ul ‘Uluum wal Hikam (I/126) oleh al-Hafizh Ibnu Rajab, Ma’aarijul Qabul (II/338) oleh Syaikh Hafizh al-Hakami, dan al-Ushuul ats-Tsalaatsah (hal. 66-67) oleh Imam Muhammad bin ‘Abdil Wahhab rahimahullah dengan hasyiyah ‘Abdurrahman bin Muhammad bin Qasim.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sumber : </span><a href="http://www.almanhaj.or.id/"><span style="color: #0b5eb4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.almanhaj.or.id</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-70450510447976879042011-01-27T15:01:00.000+07:002011-01-27T15:07:10.136+07:00Pancasila sebagai Etika Politik<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<strong>Pancasila sebagai paradigma pembangunan</strong><br />
Pancasila sebagai paradigma, artinya nilai-nilai dasar pancasila secara normatif menjadi dasar, kerangka acuan, dan tolok ukur segenap aspek pembangunan nasional yang dijalankan di Indonesia. Hal ini sebagai konsekuensi atas pengakuan dan penerimaan bangsa Indonesia atas Pancasila sebagai dasar negara dan ideologi nasional. Hal ini sesuai dengan kenyataan objektif bahwa Pancasila adalah dasar negara Indonesia, sedangkan negara merupakan organisasi atau persekutuan hidup manusia maka tidak berlebihan apabila pancasila menjadi landasan dan tolok ukur penyelenggaraan bernegara termasuk dalam melaksanakan pembangunan.<br />
Nilai-nilai dasar Pancasila itu dikembangkan atas dasar hakikat manusia. Hakikat manusia menurut Pancasila adalah makhluk monopluralis. Kodrat manusia yang monopluralis tersebut mempunyai ciri-ciri, antara lain:<br />
a. susunan kodrat manusia terdiri atas jiwa dan raga<br />
b. sifat kodrat manusia sebagai individu sekaligus sosial<br />
c. kedudukan kodrat manusia sebagai makhluk pribadi dan makhluk tuhan.<br />
Berdasarkan itu, pembangunan nasional diarahkan sebagai upaya meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia yang meliputi aspek jiwa, raga,pribadi, sosial, dan aspek ketuhanan. Secara singkat, pembangunan nasional sebagai upaya peningkatan manusia secara totalitas.<br />
Pembangunan sosial harus mampu mengembangkan harkat dan martabat manusia secara keseluruhan. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan dilaksanakan di berbagai bidang yang mencakup seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia. Pembangunan, meliputi bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan pertahanan keamanan. Pancasila menjadi paradigma dalam pembangunan politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan pertahanan keamanan.<br />
<strong>a. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Politik</strong><br />
Manusia Indonesia selaku warga negara harus ditempatkan sebagai subjek atau pelaku politik bukan sekadar objek politik. Pancasila bertolak dari kodrat manusia maka pembangunan politik harus dapat meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia. Sistem politik Indonesia yang bertolak dari manusia sebagai subjek harus mampu menempatkan kekuasaan tertinggi pada rakyat. Kekuasaan adalah dari rakyat, oleh rakyat dan untuk rakyat. Sistem politik Indonesia yang sesuai pancasila sebagai paradigma adalah sistem politik demokrasi bukan otoriter<br />
Berdasar hal itu, sistem politik Indonesia harus dikembangkan atas asas kerakyatan (sila IV Pancasila). Pengembangan selanjutnya adalah sistem politik didasarkan pada asas-asas moral daripada sila-sila pada pancasila. Oleh karena itu, secara berturut-turut sistem politik Indonesia dikembangkan atas moral ketuhanan, moral kemanusiaan, moral persatuan, moral kerakyatan, dan moral keadilan. Perilaku politik, baik dari warga negara maupun penyelenggara negara dikembangkan atas dasar moral tersebut sehingga menghasilkan perilaku politik yang santun dan bermoral.<br />
<strong>b. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Ekonomi</strong><br />
Sesuai dengan paradigma pancasila dalam pembangunan ekonomi maka sistem dan pembangunan ekonomi berpijak pada nilai moral daripada pancasila. Secara khusus, sistem ekonomi harus mendasarkan pada dasar moralitas ketuhanan (sila I Pancasila) dan kemanusiaan ( sila II Pancasila). Sistem ekonomi yang mendasarkan pada moralitas dam humanistis akan menghasilkan sistem ekonomi yang berperikemanusiaan. Sistem ekonomi yang menghargai hakikat manusia, baik selaku makhluk individu, sosial, makhluk pribadi maupun makhluk tuhan. Sistem ekonomi yang berdasar pancasila berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi liberal yang hanya menguntungkan individu-individu tanpa perhatian pada manusia lain. Sistem ekonomi demikian juga berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi dalam sistem sosialis yang tidak mengakui kepemilikan individu.<br />
Pancasila bertolak dari manusia sebagai totalitas dan manusia sebagai subjek. Oleh karena itu, sistem ekonomi harus dikembangkan menjadi sistem dan pembangunan ekonomi yang bertujuan pada kesejahteraan rakyat secara keseluruhan. Sistem ekonomi yang berdasar pancasila adalah sistem ekonomi kerakyatan yang berasaskan kekeluargaan. Sistem ekonomi Indonesia juga tidak dapat dipisahkan dari nilai-nilai moral kemanusiaan. Pembangunan ekonomi harus mampu menghindarkan diri dari bentuk-bentuk persaingan bebas, monopoli dan bentuk lainnya yang hanya akan menimbulkan penindasan, ketidakadilan, penderitaan, dan kesengsaraan warga negara.<br />
<strong>c. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Sosial Budaya</strong><br />
Pancasila pada hakikatnya bersifat humanistik karena memang pancasila bertolak dari hakikat dan kedudukan kodrat manusia itu sendiri. Hal ini sebagaimana tertuang dalam sila Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Oleh karena itu,<br />
pembangunan sosial budaya harus mampu meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia, yaitu menjadi manusia yang berbudaya dan beradab. Pembangunan sosial budaya yang menghasilkan manusia-manusia biadab, kejam, brutal dan bersifat anarkis jelas bertentangan dengan cita-cita menjadi manusia adil dan beradab. Manusia tidak cukup sebagai manusia secara fisik, tetapi harus mampu meningkatkan derajat kemanusiaannya. Manusia harus dapat mengembangkan dirinya dari tingkat homo menjadi human.<br />
Berdasar sila persatuan Indonesia, pembangunan sosial budaya dikembangkan atas dasar penghargaan terhadap nilai sosial dan budaya-budaya yang beragam si seluruh wilayah Nusantara menuju pada tercapainya rasa persatuan sebagai bangsa. Perlu ada pengakuan dan penghargaan terhadap budaya dan kehidupan sosial berbagai kelompok bangsa Indonesia sehingga mereka merasa dihargai dan diterima sebagai warga bangsa. Dengan demikian, pembangunan sosial budaya tidak menciptakan kesenjangan, kecemburuan, diskriminasi, dan ketidakadilan sosial.<br />
<strong>d. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Pertahanan Keamanan</strong><br />
Salah satu tujuan bernegara Indonesia adalah melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia. Hal ini mengandung makna bahwa tugas dan tanggung jawab tidak hanya oleh penyelenggara negara saja, tetapi juga rakyat Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Atas dasar tersebut, sistem pertahanan dan keamanan adalah mengikut sertakan seluruh komponen bangsa. Sistem pembangunan pertahanan dan keamanan Indonesia disebut sistem pertahanan dan keamanan rakyat semesta (sishankamrata).<br />
Sistem pertahanan yang bersifat semesta melibatkan seluruh warga negara, wilayah, dan sumber daya nasional lainnya, serta dipersiapkan secara dini oleh pemerintah dan diselenggarakan secara total terpadu, terarah, dan berlanjut untuk menegakkan kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah, dan keselamatan segenap bangsa dari segala ancaman. Penyelenggaraan sistem pertahanan semesta didasarkan pada kesadaran atas hak dan kewajiban warga negara, serta keyakinan pada kekuatan sendiri.<br />
Sistem ini pada dasarnya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai pancasila, di mana pemerintahan dari rakyat (individu) memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang sama dalam masalah pertahanan negara dan bela negara. Pancasila sebagai paradigma<br />
pembangunan pertahanan keamanan telah diterima bangsa Indonesia sebagaimana tertuang dalam UU No. 3 Tahun 2002 tentang pertahanan Negara. Dalam undang-undang tersebut dinyatakan bahwa pertahanan negara bertitik tolak pada falsafah dan pandangan hidup bangsa Indonesia untuk menjamin keutuhan dan tetap tegaknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.<br />
<strong>2. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Reformasi</strong><br />
Pada saat ini Indonesia tengah berada pada era reformasi yang telah diperjuangkan sejak tahun 1998. ketika gerakan reformasi melanda Indonesia maka seluruh tatanan kehidupan dan praktik politik pada era Orde Baru banyak<br />
mengalami keruntuhan. Pada era reformasi ini, bangsa Indonesia ingin menata kembali (reform) tatanan kehidupan yang berdaulat, aman, adil, dan sejahtera. Tatanan kehidupan yang berjalan pada era orde baru dianggap tidak mampu memberi kedaulatan dan keadilan pada rakyat.<br />
Reformasi memiliki makna, yaitu suatu gerakan untuk memformat ulang, menata ulang atau menata kembali hal-hal yang menyimpang untuk dikembalikan pada format atau bentuk semula sesuai dengan nilai-nilai ideal yang dicita-citakan rakyat. Apabila gerakan reformasi ingin menata kembali tatanan kehidupan yang lebih baik, tiada jalan lain adalah mendasarkan kembali pada nilai-nilai dasar kehidupan yang dimiliki bangsa Indonesia. Nilai-nilai dasar kehidupan yang baik itu sudah terkristalisasi dalam pancasila sebagai dasar dan ideologi negara. Oleh karena itu, pancasila sangat tepat sebagai paradigma, acuan, kerangka, dan tolok ukur gerakan reformasi di Indonesia.<br />
Dengan pancasila sebagai paradigma reformasi, gerakan reformasi harus diletakkan dalam kerangka perspektif sebagai landasan sekaligus sebagai cita-cita. Sebab tanpa suatu dasar dan tujuan yang jelas, reformasi akan mengarah pada suatu gerakan anarki, kerusuhan, disintegrasi, dan akhirnya mengarah pada kehancuran bangsa. Reformasi dengan paradigma pancasila adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
a. Reformasi yang ber-Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Artinya, gerakan reformasi berdasarkan pada moralitas ketuhanan dan harus mengarah pada kehidupan yang baik sebgai manusia makhluk tuhan.<br />
b. Reformasi yang berperikemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Artinya, gerakan reformasi berlandaskan pada moral kemanusiaan yang luhur dan sebagai upaya penataan kehidupan yang penuh penghargaan atas harkat dan martabat manusia.<br />
c. Reformasi yang berdasarkan nilai persatuan. Artinya, gerakan reformasi harus menjamin tetap tegaknya negara dan bangsa Indonesia sebagai satu kesatuan. Gerakan reformasi yang menghindarkan diri dari praktik dan perilaku yang dapat menciptakan perpecahan dan disintegrasi bangsa.<br />
d. Reformasi yang berakar pada asas kerakyatan. Artinya, seluruh penyelenggaraan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara harus dapat menempatkan rakyat sebagai subjek dan pemegang kedaulatan. Gerakan reformasi bertujuan menuju terciptanya pemerintahan yang demokratis, yaitu rakyat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan.<br />
e. Reformasi yang bertujuan pada keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Artinya, gerakan reformasi harus memiliki visi yang jelas, yaitu demi terwujudnya keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat. Perlu disadari bahwa<br />
ketidakadilanlah penyeban kehancuran suatu bangsa.anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-58265456668485011942011-01-27T14:30:00.000+07:002011-01-27T14:58:31.586+07:00Sistem Koloid II (pemurniaan dan kegunaan koloid)<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: lime;">PEMURNIAN KOLOID</span></b></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Suatu koloid biasanya mengandung senyawa lain yang larut, yang dapat dimurnikan dengan cara dialisis, elektroosmosis atau elektroforesis.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara Dialisis</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Partikel koloid umumnya tidak dapat melewati pori-pori saringan kertas perkamen, selofan atau plastik tertentu, tetapi saringan tersebut dapat dilewati oleh molekul kecil dan ion yang larut dalam medium. Saringan seperti itu disebut selaput permiabel, karena pori-porinya amat kecil (</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">±</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 1m</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">µ</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">).</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jika slang yang terbuat dari selaput semipermiabel dimasukkan ke dalam koloid dan dialiri cairan murni terus-menerus, maka molekul kecil atau ion akan masuk ke dalam slang dan terbawa ke luar, sehingga koloid makin lama makin murni. Cara ini disebut dialisis(gambar 10.7a). Cara dialisis lain adalah dengan memasukkan koloid ke dalam kantong (bahannya bersifat semipermiabel) dan dicelupkan ke dalem medium beberapa lama sehingga molekul kecil atau ion keluar dari kantong. Jika medium (cairan) diganti berkali-kali dengan yang baru akan didapat koloid yang makin tinggi kemurniannya (gambar 10,7b).</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara Elekrolisis</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Koloid yang mengandung ion dapat dimurnikan, dengan cara elektroosmosis, yaitu memaksa ion-ion melewati pori-pori selaput semipermiabel dengan bantuan listrik (gambar 10.8). Koloid dalam ruang A dibatasi dinding D dan D</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang tebuat dari selaput semipermiabel. Ruang B dan C diisi cairan murni yang masing-masing diberi elektoda yang mendekati dinding D dan D</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Jika kedua elektoda diberi arus listrik searah, maka ion dalam A tertarik ke elektroda yang kutubnya berlawanan, sehingga menembus selaput semipermiabel (D dan D</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">’</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">). Akhirnya ion dalam koloid semakin berkurang.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elektroforesis</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Campuran beberapa koloid yang bermuatan listrik dapat dipisahkan dengan cara </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">elektroforesis, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">karena koloid akan tertarik ke elektroda yang berlawanan muatannya (gambar 10.9). Tabung U berisi campuran dua macam kolid atau lebih. Kemudian masing-masing kakinya diberi elektroda. Setelah dialiri arus searah, koloid bermuatan posistif akan tertarik ke katoda, dan yang bermuatan negatif ke anoda, sehingga keduanya dapat dipisahkan. Koloid yang sama muatannya dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan perbedaan difusinya. Koloid yang cepat berdifusi akan sampai di elektroda lebih dulu. Cara ini sering dipakai dalam analisis protein, asam nukleat dan polisakarida dalam biokimia dan biologi.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: lime;">KEGUNAAAN KOLOID</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Di lingkungan kita banyak terdapat sistem koloid, baik yang alami maupun buatan manusia. Sistem itu ada yang menguntungkan dan ada yang merugikan manusia. Dengan pengetahuan tentang kploid, kita dapat menghindari atau mengurangi hal yang merugikan dan memenfaatkan atau menciptakan yang menguntungkan itu. Beberapa keuntungan koloid dapat digunakan akan dijelaskan sebagai berikut.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengurangi Polusi</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gas buangan pabrik yang mengandung asap dan partikel berbahaya dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan alat yang disebut </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> pengendap Cottrel </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(gambar 10.10). Asap buangan itu dimasukkan ke dalam ruangan bertegangan listrik tinggi sehingga elektron mengionkan molekul udara. Partikel asap akan menyerap ion positif dan tertarik ke elektroda negatif sehingga menggumpal. Akhirnya gas yang keluar bebas asap dan padatan.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Penggumpalan Lateks</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Lateks adalah koloid karet dalam air, berupa sol bermuatan negatif. Bila ditambah ion positif, lateks menggumpal dan dapat dibentuk sesuai cetakan.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-size: x-large;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Membantu Pasien Gagal Ginjal</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Darah banyak mengandung partikel koloid, seperti sel darah merah, sel dararh putih dan antibodi. Orang yang ginjalnnya tidak mampu mengeluarkan senyawa beracun dari darah seperti urea dan kreatin disebut gagal ginjal. Orang ini dapat dibantu dengan cara dialisis, yaitu mengisap darahnya dan dialirkan ke dalam alat (disebut alat cuci darah) sehingga urea dan kreatin serta ion-ion lain tetarik ke luar (gambar 10.11) Darah yang telah bersih dimasukkan kembali ke tubuh pasien.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Penjernihan Air</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Air yang jernih harus bebas koloid, oleh karena itu air diberi alumunium sulfat atau tawas. Tawas akan terus terurai menjadi Al3+dan SO42- yang mengkoagulasi partikerl kolloid sehingga mengendap di dasar wadah dan air menjadi jernih</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sebagai Deodoran</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Keringat biasanya mengandung protein yang dapat menimbulkan bau bila diuraikan oleh bakteri yang banyak terdapat di temapt basah. Bila temapt itu diberi deodoran, bau itu dapt berkukrang atau hilang, karena deodoran mengandung alumunium klorida untuk menggumpalkan protein dalam keringat. Endapan protein ini dapt menghalangi kerja kelenjar keringat sehingga keringat dan protein yang dihasilkan berkurang.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sebagai Bahan Makanan dan Obat</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ada bahan atau obat berwujud padat sehingga tidak enak dan sulit ditelan. Tambahan lagi, zat ini tidak larut dalam cairan (air). Untuk mengatasinya, zat itu dikemas dalam bentuik koloid sehingga mudah diminum, contohnya susu encer.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sebagai Bahan Kosmetik</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ada berbagai bahan kosmetik dalam bentuk padatan, tetapi lebih baik dipakai dalam bentuk cairan. Untuk biasanya dibuat berupa koloid dalm pelarut tertentu.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bahan Pencuci</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sabun sebagai pembersih karena dapat mengemulsi minyak dalam air. Sabun dalam air terion menjadi Na+ dan ion asam lemak. Kepala asam asam lemak yang bermuatan negatif dalm air, sedangkan ekornya larut dalm minyak. Hal ini menyebabkan minyak terlarut dalam air. </span></span></div></span></span>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-11748315894132610912011-01-27T14:23:00.000+07:002011-01-27T14:58:31.587+07:00Sistem Koloid II (pembuatan koloid)<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">PPEMBUATAN KOLOID</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">SSuatu sistem koloid dapat dibuat dengan dua cara, yaitu cara dispersi dan kondensasi.</span></div></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Dispersi </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Gumpalan materi atau suspensi kasar dapat diubah menjadi lebih kecil sehingga tersebar dan berukuran koloid. Membuat koloid dengan memecah gumpalan itu disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">dispersi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">(penyebaran), yaitu dengan cara sebagai berikut.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Cara mekanik, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu menggerus (menggiling) partikel kasar sampai berukuran koloid, contohnya membuat koloid belerang dan urea masing-masing dari butirannya.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Cara elektronik, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu membuat koloid dengan mencelupkan dua elektroda logam (seperti emas) ke dalam air. Akibatnya atom-atom emas lepas dari elektroda dan bergabung membentuk partikel koloid emas (gambar 10.6). Demikian juga cara membuat koloid lain, seperti platina dan perak.</span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">3.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Cara peptisasi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu membuat koloid dengan menambahkan suatu cairan kapada partikel kasar (endapan) sehingga pecah menjadi koloid. Contohnya membuat koloid AgCl dengan menambahkan air suling kepada padatan AgCl, dan menambahkan HCl encer pada endapan Al (OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> dapat dibuat dengan menambahkan larutan FeCl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> pada endapan Fe(OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kondensasi</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kondensasi adalah kebalikan dari dispersi, yaitu penggabungan (kondensasi) partikel kecil menjadi lebih besar sampai berukuran koloid.Penggabungan ini terjadi dengan berbagai cara, di antaranya sebagai berikut:</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara reaksi kimia, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">yaitu menambahkan pereaksi tertentu kedalam larutan sehingga hasil reaksinya berupa koloid.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara reduksi, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">yaitu mereduksi logam dari senyawa sehingga terbentuk agregat atau logam. Contohnya membuat koloid emas dengan mereduksi emas klorida dengan stanni klorida</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2AuCl</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> + 3SnCl</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ----> 2Au + 3 SnCl</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara oksidasi, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">yaitu mengoksidasi unsur dalam senyawa sehingga terbentuk unsur bebas. Contohnya dalam membuat koloid belerang dengan mengoksidasi hidrogen sulfida dengan SO</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 216.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2H</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">S + SO</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ----> 2S + H</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">O</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 216.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 216.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 99.38pt left 216.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">¨</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cara hidrolisis</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, yaitu menghidrolisis senyawa ion sehingga terbentuk senyawa yang sukar larut (koloid). Contohnya dalam membuat koloid Fe(OH)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> dengan memasukkan larutan FeCl</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ke dalam air panas.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 99.38pt left 216.75pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 248.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">FeCl</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(aq) + H</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">O</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(l) ---> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fe(OH)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3(s)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> + 3HCl </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(aq)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 248.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 248.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 99.38pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">¨</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Reaksi metasis, yaitu penukaran ion sehingga terbantuk seyawa yang sukar larut (koloid). Contohnya dalam membuat koloid AgBr dengan mereaksikan larutan AgNO3 dengan KBr.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 99.38pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: center 249.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A AgNO3 +KBr ------> AgBr</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(s)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> + KNO</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: center 249.25pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><br />
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</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 248.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 248.25pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><br />
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<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 216.75pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><br />
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</div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 18.0pt; language: id; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div></span></span>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-1891679625790282102011-01-27T14:16:00.000+07:002011-01-27T14:16:08.282+07:00Sistem Koloid I<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .4in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">ThomasGraaham banyak mempelajari tentang kecepatan difusi (gerak) partikel materi sehingga ia dapat menemukan rumus hukum tentang difusi. Pengamatannya, ternyata gerakan partikel zat dalam larutan ada yang ceapat dan lambat, Umumnya yang berdifusi cepat adalah zar berupa kristal sehingga disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">kristaloid, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">contohnya NaCl dalam air. Akan tetapi istilah ini tidak populer karena ada zat yang bukan kristal berdifusi cepat, contohnya HCl dan H</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">SO</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">4</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">. Yanng lambat berdifusoi disebabkan oleh partikelnya yang mempunyai dayua tarik (perekat) satu sama lain, contoihnya putih telur dalam air. Zat seperti itu disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">koloid</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> (bahasa Yunani: cola= perekat).</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .4in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: .4in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Telah dinyatakan pada pasal 7.5, bahwa kecepatan difusi menurut Graham bergantung pada masa partikel, makin besar masa makin kecil kecepatannya. Massa ada hubungannya dengan ukuran partikel, yang m,assanya besar akan besar pula ukuran partikelnya. Berdasarkan ukuran partikel, campuran dapat dibagi menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu larutan sejati, koloid dan suspensi kasar. Sebenarnya cukup sulit membedakan ketiga jenis campuran itu, kecuali dilihat dari ukuran partikelnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: .4in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">partikel larutan : 0,1 – 1 m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';">µ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">partikel koloid : 1 – 100 m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';">µ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">partikel suspensi kasar : </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';">></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> 100 m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bitstream Charter';">µ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> </span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Karena ukuran partikelnya amat kecil, maka koloid tidak dapat disaring dengan kertas saring biasa dan filter porselen, tetapi dapat dengan filter ultra atau kolodium, karena pori-porinya lebih kecil </span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: .4in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Ada dua cara terbentuknya larutan partikel koloid. Pertama, dari senyawa bermolekul besar, yaitu satu molekul menjadi satu partikel koloid, contohnya protein dan plastik. Kedua, satu partikel koloid terbentuk dari gabungan (agregat) banyak parikel kecil. Partikel yang bergabung itu mungkin dalam bentuk molekul, ion atau atom. Contoh agregat molekul adalah koloid belerang dan As</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">S</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> dalam air. Contoh agregat atom adalah koloid emas dalam air(sol emas), yaitu gabungan atom-atom emas menjadi kristal kecil melalui ikatan logam. Sol emas dikenal; ada tiga macam yaitu yang berwarna merah, biru dan lembayung. Partikel yang meraah lebih kecil daripada partikel yang biru, dan yang biru lebih kecil dariupada yang lembayung. Contoh agregat atom yang lain adealah sol platina dan perak, mirip dengan sol emas. Contoh agregat ion adalah koloid Fe(OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> berupa kristal ion berukurankoloid. Contoh koloid ion yang lain adalah koloid Al(OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> dan AgCl.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Dari segi terbentuknya, partikel koloid dapat berupa lembaran (laminar), serat (febrilar), dan butiran (korpuskular), seperti dilukiskan pada gambar 10.1. Bentuk itu ditentukan oleh jenis dan cara terbentuknya koloid. Koloid yang terbentuk dengan cara rekristalisasi mempunyai bentuk sesuai dengan struktur kristalnya, tetapi bila dibuat dengan memecah atau menggerus partikel besar akan terbentuk acak atau beraneka ragam.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: magenta;">PENGGOLONGAN KOLOID</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Dipandang dari kelarutannya, koloid terbagi atas koloid dispersi dan koloid asosiasi.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid dispersi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">, yaitu koloid yang partikelnya tidak dapat larut secara individu dalam medium. Yanng terjadi hanyalah pennyebaran (dispersi) partikel tersebut. Yang termasuk kelompok ini adalah koloid mikromolekul (protein dan plastik), agregat molekul (koloid belerang), dan agregat atom (sol emas dan platina).</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid asosiasi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu koloid yang terbentuk dari gabungan asosiasi partikel kecil yang larut dalam medium, contohnya koloid Fe(OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">. Senyawa ini larut dalam air menjadi ion Fe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: super;">3+</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> dan OH- dicampur sedemikian rupa sehingga berasosiasi membentuk kristal kecil yang melayang-layang dalam air sebagai koloid.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Suatu koloid selalu mengandung dua fasa yang berbeda, mungkin berupa gas, cair atau padat. Pengertian fasa disini tiadk sama dengan wujud, karena ada wujud sama tetapi fasanya berbeda, contohnya campuran air dan minyak bila dikocok akan terlihat butiran minyak dalam air. Butiran itu mempunyai fasa berbeda dengan air walaupun keduanya cair. Oleh sebab itu suatu koloid selalu mempunyai fasa terdispersi dan fasa pendispersi. Fasa teedispersi mirip denga zat terlarut, dan fasa pendispersi mirip dengan pelarut pada suatu larutan.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Berdasarkan fasa tedispersi dan fasa pendispersinya, koloid disebut jyga dispersi koloid yang dapat dibagi atas delapan jenis.</span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"></span><br />
Sistem koloid dapat dikelompokkan, seperti tabel berikut : <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>No</strong></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>Fase Terdispersi</strong></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>Medium Pendispersi</strong></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>Nama Koloid</strong></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><strong>Contoh</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td>Gas</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Busa/Buih</td> <td>Buih sabun, krim kocok</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td>Gas</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Busa padat</td> <td>Batu apaung, karet busa</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Gas</td> <td>Aerosol</td> <td>Awan, kabut</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Emulsi</td> <td>Susu, santan</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Emulsi padat</td> <td>Keju, mentega, mutiara</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Gas</td> <td>Aerosol padat</td> <td>Asap, debu</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Cair</td> <td>Sol</td> <td>Cat, kanji, tinta</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Padat</td> <td>Sol padat</td> <td>Kaca berwarna, paduan logam</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Ditinjau dari interaksi fasa terdispersi dengan fasa pendispersi (medium), koloid dapat pula dibagi atas koloid liofil dan liofob.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.2in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid liofil.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> yaitu koloid yang suka berikatan dengan medium sehingga sulit dipisahkan atau sngat stabil. Jika mediumnya air disebut koloid hidrofil, yaitu suka air, contohnya agar-agar dalam tepung kanji (amilum) dalam air.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.2in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid liofob, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu koloid yang tidak menyukai mediumnya sehingga cenderung memisah, dan akibatnya tidak stabil. Bila mediumya air, disebut koloid hidrofob (tidak suka air), contohnya sol emas dan koloid Fe(OH)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">dalam air.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.2in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.2in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Koloid dapat berubah menjadi tidak koloid atau sebaliknya. Berdasarkan perubahan itu ada koloid reversibel dan ireversibel.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: left 14.13pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.2in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid reversibel, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu suatu koloid yang dapat berubah jadi tidak koloid, dan kemudian menjadi koloid kemabli. Contohnya air susu (koloid) bila dibiarkan akan mengendap (tidak koloid) dan airnya terpisah, tetapi bila dikocok akan bercampur seperti semula (kolod).</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Koloid irreversibel, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">yaitu koloid yang setelah berubah menjadi bukan koloid tidak dapat menjadi koloid lagi, contohnya sol emas.</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: magenta;">SIFAT KOLOID</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Koloid adalah suatu campuran sewhingga sifatnya ada yang sama dan ada yang berbeda dengan larutan. Sifat itu adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b>SIFAT KOLIGATIF</b></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Koloid yang banyak dibicarakan adalah dalam medium cair. Dalam sistem ini, unit terkecil fasa tedispersi adalah partikel dalam bentuk molekul atau agregat. Partikel ini mempengaruhi sifat medium sehingga koloid mempunyai sifat koligatif. Pada pasal 9.6 telah diterangkan bahwa sifat koligatif itu adalah kenaikan titik didih, penurunan titik beku, penurunan tekanan uap, tekanan osmotik. Sifat ini bergantung pada jumlah partikel koloid, bukan pada jenisnya. Sifat koligatif berguna untuk menghitung jumlah mol atau konsentrasi partikel koloid. Sifat ini memberi manfaat bagi organisme, contohnya sel mengandung partikel koloid sehingga mempunyai tekanan osmotik. Akibatnyaair tertarik ke dalam sel dan bertahan didalamnya.</span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b>SIFAT OPTIK</b></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Ukuran partikel koloid agak besar, maka cahay yang melewatinya akan dipantulkan. Arah pantulan itu tidak teratur karena partikel tesebar secara acak sehingga pantulan cahaya itu berhamburan ke segala arah, yang disebut efek </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Tyndall.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> Hal inio ntidak terjadi dalam larutan, karena partikelnya sangat kecil sehingga tidak mengubah arah cahaya.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Partikel koloid walaupun agak besar, tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata. Akan tetapi bila ke dalam koloid dilewatkan seberkas cahaya di ruang gelap akan tampak hamburan cahaya, bukan partikelnya, sedangkan dalam cairan murni atau larutan tidak terjadi hamburan itu (gambar 10.2).</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b>SIFAT KINETIK</b></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Sebagai partikel yang bebas dalam mediumnya, partikel koloid selalu bergerak kesegala arah. Gerakannya selalu lurus dan akan patah bila bertabrakan dengan partikel lain. Gerakan itu disebut gerakan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">Brown </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">(gambar 10.3). Gerakan ini dapat diteliti dengan mikroskop optik, untuk mengamati cahay yang lewat dalam koloid dengan latar belakang gelap. Yang terlihat bukanlah partikel koloid, melainkan bintik-bintik cahaya yang berkilauan. Gerakan Brown menunjukkan bahwa partikel koloid berdifusi lambat.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b>ADSORPSI</b></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Materi dalam keadaan koloid mempunyai jumlah permukaan yang lebih luas dibandingkan bentuk gumpalan. Contohnya sebuah kubus kecil bersisi 1 cm dan dipotong menjadi kubus-kkubus kecil. Semakin kecil kubus itu semakin besar pula luas permukaan yang dihasilkannya.</span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Pada permukaan partikel terdapat gaya van de Waals terhadap molekul atau ion lain disekitarnya. Melekatnya zat lain pada permukaan kolid itu disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">adsorpsi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">contohnya adsorpsi ion Fe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: super;">3+</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> pada koloid Fe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">O</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> x H</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">O (gambar 10.4). Suatu koloid umumnya hanya mengadsorpsi ion positif atau ion negatif saja. aIon yang terdasorpsi dapat membentuk satu atau dua lapisan.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"><b>SIFAT LISTRIK</b></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Partikel koloid yang telah mengadsorpsi ion akan bermuatan listrik sesuai dengan muatan ion yang diserapnya. Contohnya koloiud Fe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">O</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: sub;">3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">bermuatan positif setelah mengadsorpsi Fe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; vertical-align: super;">3+,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';"> dan koloid AsS3 bermuatan negatif karena mengadsorpsi ion negatif</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-indent: .02in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Muatan koloid dapat diketahui dangan mencelupkan batang elektroda, yang bermuatan paositif akan tertarik (berkumpul) ke elektroda negatif, sedangkan yang bermuatan negatif tertarik ke elektroda positif.</span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Koloid bila dibiarkan dalam waktu tertentu akan terpengaruh oleh gaya gravitasi, sehingga partikelnya turun perlahan ke dasar bejana yang disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;">koagulasi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">atau </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L'; font-style: italic;"> penggumpalan. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Nimbus Roman No9 L';">Waktu koagulasi koloid bervariasi antara stu dengan yang lain. Koagulais spontan umumnya lambat dan dapat dipercepat dengan alat sentifugal ultra. Alat ini akan memutar koloid dengan kecepatan tinggi sehingga partikel didorong ke dasar tabung reaksi.</span><br />
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</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-55390994515619915052011-01-27T10:08:00.002+07:002011-01-27T15:07:52.692+07:00Target Sains 2011: Temukan 'Partikel Tuhan'Atom adalah partikel terkecil, begitu ilmu pengetahuan mengajarkan. Tapi sesudah tahun 1900-an para ahli menemukan bahwa masih ada yang lebih kecil lagi dari Atom yakni Inti Atom. Belakangan, ketika ilmu pengetahuan terus melaju, para ilmuwan kemudian menemukan bahwa Inti Atom itu masih bisa dipecah lagi. Begitu seterusnya.<br />
<br />
Dan kini para ahli sudah sampai pada sebuah partikel terkecil yang disebut Higgs Boson. Dan Higgs Boson inilah yang disebut sebagai ibu dari segala partikel yang diyakini pertama kali membentuk jagad raya. Para ahli bumi menyebut Higgs Boson sebagai "partikel Tuhan".<br />
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Sejumlah ahli kini terus berusaha menemukan partikel ini. Bahkan, menempati urutan pertama dalam daftar resolusi sains 2011. <br />
"Jika alam baik pada kita, 'partikel Tuhan' akan ditemukan tahun 2011," kata fisikawan, Christoph Rembser kepada <em>LiveScience</em>. <br />
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Rembser bekerja di European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) di Jenewa, di mana laboratorium penubruk atom, Large Hadron Collider (LHC) berada. <br />
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Di LHC terdapat akselelator berbentuk terowongan sepanjang 27 kilometer di bawah tanah. Di sana, para ilmuan menguji tumbukan-tumbukan partikel berenergi sangat tinggi, sehingga bisa ‘melihat’ gambaran materi pada skala terkecil, sebagaimana yang terbentuk sesaat ketika seper-semiliar detik setelah Big-Bang -- pembentukan jagad raya.<br />
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Magnet berkekuatan tinggi yang ditempatkan di sekeliling terowongan berfungsi untuk menambah kecepatan.<br />
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Ketika dua partikel bertabrakan, para ilmuwan mengubah energi kinetik yang sangat besar menjadi hal baru melalui persamaan Einstein, E = mc2 -- bahwa energi dapat dikonversi menjadi massa (dan sebaliknya). Sehingga makin besar energi tabrakan, semakin besar partikel baru yang dapat dihasilkan .<br />
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Hingga saat ini, para ilmuwan belum bisa memastikan seberapa besar partikel Higgs, jika 'partikel Tuhan' itu benar-benar ada. Namun, "setidaknya, kita sudah memiliki apa saja yang diperlukan," kata Rembser. <br />
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"Kami memiliki akselerator dan detektor untuk menemukannya. Semuanya telah diatur untuk mengukur dan mengobservasi itu."<br />
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"Untuk saat ini, semuanya tergantung alam yang memutuskan, apakah Higgs akan bisa sering diproduksi atau sangat langka ditemukan. Jadi, dalam hal ini, kita harus menunggu."<br />
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sumber : http://headlines.vivanews.com/news/read/196943-resolusi-sains-2010--temukan--partikel-tuhan-anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-26733277470134466072011-01-27T09:58:00.001+07:002011-01-27T09:58:57.396+07:00Pancasila sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<strong>Pancasila sebagai paradigma pembangunan</strong><br />
Pancasila sebagai paradigma, artinya nilai-nilai dasar pancasila secara normatif menjadi dasar, kerangka acuan, dan tolok ukur segenap aspek pembangunan nasional yang dijalankan di Indonesia. Hal ini sebagai konsekuensi atas pengakuan dan penerimaan bangsa Indonesia atas Pancasila sebagai dasar negara dan ideologi nasional. Hal ini sesuai dengan kenyataan objektif bahwa Pancasila adalah dasar negara Indonesia, sedangkan negara merupakan organisasi atau persekutuan hidup manusia maka tidak berlebihan apabila pancasila menjadi landasan dan tolok ukur penyelenggaraan bernegara termasuk dalam melaksanakan pembangunan.<br />
Nilai-nilai dasar Pancasila itu dikembangkan atas dasar hakikat manusia. Hakikat manusia menurut Pancasila adalah makhluk monopluralis. Kodrat manusia yang monopluralis tersebut mempunyai ciri-ciri, antara lain:<br />
a. susunan kodrat manusia terdiri atas jiwa dan raga<br />
b. sifat kodrat manusia sebagai individu sekaligus sosial<br />
c. kedudukan kodrat manusia sebagai makhluk pribadi dan makhluk tuhan.<br />
Berdasarkan itu, pembangunan nasional diarahkan sebagai upaya meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia yang meliputi aspek jiwa, raga,pribadi, sosial, dan aspek ketuhanan. Secara singkat, pembangunan nasional sebagai upaya peningkatan manusia secara totalitas.<br />
Pembangunan sosial harus mampu mengembangkan harkat dan martabat manusia secara keseluruhan. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan dilaksanakan di berbagai bidang yang mencakup seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia. Pembangunan, meliputi bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan pertahanan keamanan. Pancasila menjadi paradigma dalam pembangunan politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan pertahanan keamanan.<br />
<strong>a. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Politik</strong><br />
Manusia Indonesia selaku warga negara harus ditempatkan sebagai subjek atau pelaku politik bukan sekadar objek politik. Pancasila bertolak dari kodrat manusia maka pembangunan politik harus dapat meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia. Sistem politik Indonesia yang bertolak dari manusia sebagai subjek harus mampu menempatkan kekuasaan tertinggi pada rakyat. Kekuasaan adalah dari rakyat, oleh rakyat dan untuk rakyat. Sistem politik Indonesia yang sesuai pancasila sebagai paradigma adalah sistem politik demokrasi bukan otoriter<br />
Berdasar hal itu, sistem politik Indonesia harus dikembangkan atas asas kerakyatan (sila IV Pancasila). Pengembangan selanjutnya adalah sistem politik didasarkan pada asas-asas moral daripada sila-sila pada pancasila. Oleh karena itu, secara berturut-turut sistem politik Indonesia dikembangkan atas moral ketuhanan, moral kemanusiaan, moral persatuan, moral kerakyatan, dan moral keadilan. Perilaku politik, baik dari warga negara maupun penyelenggara negara dikembangkan atas dasar moral tersebut sehingga menghasilkan perilaku politik yang santun dan bermoral.<br />
<strong>b. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Ekonomi</strong><br />
Sesuai dengan paradigma pancasila dalam pembangunan ekonomi maka sistem dan pembangunan ekonomi berpijak pada nilai moral daripada pancasila. Secara khusus, sistem ekonomi harus mendasarkan pada dasar moralitas ketuhanan (sila I Pancasila) dan kemanusiaan ( sila II Pancasila). Sistem ekonomi yang mendasarkan pada moralitas dam humanistis akan menghasilkan sistem ekonomi yang berperikemanusiaan. Sistem ekonomi yang menghargai hakikat manusia, baik selaku makhluk individu, sosial, makhluk pribadi maupun makhluk tuhan. Sistem ekonomi yang berdasar pancasila berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi liberal yang hanya menguntungkan individu-individu tanpa perhatian pada manusia lain. Sistem ekonomi demikian juga berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi dalam sistem sosialis yang tidak mengakui kepemilikan individu.<br />
Pancasila bertolak dari manusia sebagai totalitas dan manusia sebagai subjek. Oleh karena itu, sistem ekonomi harus dikembangkan menjadi sistem dan pembangunan ekonomi yang bertujuan pada kesejahteraan rakyat secara keseluruhan. Sistem ekonomi yang berdasar pancasila adalah sistem ekonomi kerakyatan yang berasaskan kekeluargaan. Sistem ekonomi Indonesia juga tidak dapat dipisahkan dari nilai-nilai moral kemanusiaan. Pembangunan ekonomi harus mampu menghindarkan diri dari bentuk-bentuk persaingan bebas, monopoli dan bentuk lainnya yang hanya akan menimbulkan penindasan, ketidakadilan, penderitaan, dan kesengsaraan warga negara.<br />
<strong>c. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Sosial Budaya</strong><br />
Pancasila pada hakikatnya bersifat humanistik karena memang pancasila bertolak dari hakikat dan kedudukan kodrat manusia itu sendiri. Hal ini sebagaimana tertuang dalam sila Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Oleh karena itu,<br />
pembangunan sosial budaya harus mampu meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia, yaitu menjadi manusia yang berbudaya dan beradab. Pembangunan sosial budaya yang menghasilkan manusia-manusia biadab, kejam, brutal dan bersifat anarkis jelas bertentangan dengan cita-cita menjadi manusia adil dan beradab. Manusia tidak cukup sebagai manusia secara fisik, tetapi harus mampu meningkatkan derajat kemanusiaannya. Manusia harus dapat mengembangkan dirinya dari tingkat homo menjadi human.<br />
Berdasar sila persatuan Indonesia, pembangunan sosial budaya dikembangkan atas dasar penghargaan terhadap nilai sosial dan budaya-budaya yang beragam si seluruh wilayah Nusantara menuju pada tercapainya rasa persatuan sebagai bangsa. Perlu ada pengakuan dan penghargaan terhadap budaya dan kehidupan sosial berbagai kelompok bangsa Indonesia sehingga mereka merasa dihargai dan diterima sebagai warga bangsa. Dengan demikian, pembangunan sosial budaya tidak menciptakan kesenjangan, kecemburuan, diskriminasi, dan ketidakadilan sosial.<br />
<strong>d. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan Pertahanan Keamanan</strong><br />
Salah satu tujuan bernegara Indonesia adalah melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia. Hal ini mengandung makna bahwa tugas dan tanggung jawab tidak hanya oleh penyelenggara negara saja, tetapi juga rakyat Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Atas dasar tersebut, sistem pertahanan dan keamanan adalah mengikut sertakan seluruh komponen bangsa. Sistem pembangunan pertahanan dan keamanan Indonesia disebut sistem pertahanan dan keamanan rakyat semesta (sishankamrata).<br />
Sistem pertahanan yang bersifat semesta melibatkan seluruh warga negara, wilayah, dan sumber daya nasional lainnya, serta dipersiapkan secara dini oleh pemerintah dan diselenggarakan secara total terpadu, terarah, dan berlanjut untuk menegakkan kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah, dan keselamatan segenap bangsa dari segala ancaman. Penyelenggaraan sistem pertahanan semesta didasarkan pada kesadaran atas hak dan kewajiban warga negara, serta keyakinan pada kekuatan sendiri.<br />
Sistem ini pada dasarnya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai pancasila, di mana pemerintahan dari rakyat (individu) memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang sama dalam masalah pertahanan negara dan bela negara. Pancasila sebagai paradigma<br />
pembangunan pertahanan keamanan telah diterima bangsa Indonesia sebagaimana tertuang dalam UU No. 3 Tahun 2002 tentang pertahanan Negara. Dalam undang-undang tersebut dinyatakan bahwa pertahanan negara bertitik tolak pada falsafah dan pandangan hidup bangsa Indonesia untuk menjamin keutuhan dan tetap tegaknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.<br />
<strong>2. Pancasila Sebagai Paradigma Reformasi</strong><br />
Pada saat ini Indonesia tengah berada pada era reformasi yang telah diperjuangkan sejak tahun 1998. ketika gerakan reformasi melanda Indonesia maka seluruh tatanan kehidupan dan praktik politik pada era Orde Baru banyak<br />
mengalami keruntuhan. Pada era reformasi ini, bangsa Indonesia ingin menata kembali (reform) tatanan kehidupan yang berdaulat, aman, adil, dan sejahtera. Tatanan kehidupan yang berjalan pada era orde baru dianggap tidak mampu memberi kedaulatan dan keadilan pada rakyat.<br />
Reformasi memiliki makna, yaitu suatu gerakan untuk memformat ulang, menata ulang atau menata kembali hal-hal yang menyimpang untuk dikembalikan pada format atau bentuk semula sesuai dengan nilai-nilai ideal yang dicita-citakan rakyat. Apabila gerakan reformasi ingin menata kembali tatanan kehidupan yang lebih baik, tiada jalan lain adalah mendasarkan kembali pada nilai-nilai dasar kehidupan yang dimiliki bangsa Indonesia. Nilai-nilai dasar kehidupan yang baik itu sudah terkristalisasi dalam pancasila sebagai dasar dan ideologi negara. Oleh karena itu, pancasila sangat tepat sebagai paradigma, acuan, kerangka, dan tolok ukur gerakan reformasi di Indonesia.<br />
Dengan pancasila sebagai paradigma reformasi, gerakan reformasi harus diletakkan dalam kerangka perspektif sebagai landasan sekaligus sebagai cita-cita. Sebab tanpa suatu dasar dan tujuan yang jelas, reformasi akan mengarah pada suatu gerakan anarki, kerusuhan, disintegrasi, dan akhirnya mengarah pada kehancuran bangsa. Reformasi dengan paradigma pancasila adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
a. Reformasi yang ber-Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Artinya, gerakan reformasi berdasarkan pada moralitas ketuhanan dan harus mengarah pada kehidupan yang baik sebgai manusia makhluk tuhan.<br />
b. Reformasi yang berperikemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. Artinya, gerakan reformasi berlandaskan pada moral kemanusiaan yang luhur dan sebagai upaya penataan kehidupan yang penuh penghargaan atas harkat dan martabat manusia.<br />
c. Reformasi yang berdasarkan nilai persatuan. Artinya, gerakan reformasi harus menjamin tetap tegaknya negara dan bangsa Indonesia sebagai satu kesatuan. Gerakan reformasi yang menghindarkan diri dari praktik dan perilaku yang dapat menciptakan perpecahan dan disintegrasi bangsa.<br />
d. Reformasi yang berakar pada asas kerakyatan. Artinya, seluruh penyelenggaraan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara harus dapat menempatkan rakyat sebagai subjek dan pemegang kedaulatan. Gerakan reformasi bertujuan menuju terciptanya pemerintahan yang demokratis, yaitu rakyat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan.<br />
e. Reformasi yang bertujuan pada keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Artinya, gerakan reformasi harus memiliki visi yang jelas, yaitu demi terwujudnya keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat. Perlu disadari bahwa<br />
ketidakadilanlah penyeban kehancuran suatu bangsa.anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-34113954638240056702011-01-27T09:53:00.001+07:002011-01-27T15:04:01.088+07:00Ideologi Pancasila<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="I"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Asal Mula Pancasila (<i>tinjauan kasualitas</i>)</span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asal mula yang langsung </span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kausa Materialis (Asal mula bahan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kausa Formalis (Asal mula bentuk)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kausa Effisien (Asal mula karya)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kausa Finalis (Asal mula tujuan)</span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asal mula tidak langsung </span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Telah tercermin dlm masyarakat sblm ada negara </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dlm pandangan hidup masyarakat (budaya, adat, religi)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol></ol></ol><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="I"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedudukan dan Fungsi Pancasila (<i>8)</i> </span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai Pandangan Hidup Bangsa </span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pandangan Hidup terdiri atas kesatuan nilai’s yg luhur mrpk wws yg menyeluruh thd kehidupan, berfungsi sbg kerangka acuan baik utk menata kehidupan pribadi maupun dlm interaksi antar manusia dan alam sekitar </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pandangan Hidup mrpk <i>kristalisasi nilai </i>yg hidup dlm masyarakat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pandangan Hidup masyarakat </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pandangan Hidup bangsa (<i>Ideologi Bangsa</i>) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pandangan Hidup negara (<i>Ideologi Negara</i>) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dasar Negara.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pancasila sbg <b><i>Dasar Negara</i></b> </span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber dr segala sumber hukum </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> azas kerokhanian & tertib hukum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suasana kebatinan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cita’s hukum & norma bg hkm dasar </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber semangat bg para penyelenggara negara </span></li>
</ol><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pancasila sbg <b><i>Ideologi Bangsa dan Negara</i></b> </span></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">Pancaila sebagai sistem keyakinan yang memotivasi orang, kelompok masyarakat, atau seluruh WNI untuk bertindak atau berperilaku dengan cara terteny sebagaimana diajarkan oleh Pancasila<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berfungsi sebagai ajaran tentang ide-ide<span> </span>atau cita-cita yang diyakini kebenarannya, disusun secara sistematis, disertai petunjuk-petunjuk untuk mewujudkan cita-cita tersebut </span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Makna Pancasila sebagai ideologi bangsa Indonesia adalah bahwa nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam ideologi Pancasila itu menjadi <i>cita-cita normatif bagi penyelenggaraan bernegara</i>. Dengan kata lain, visi atau arah dari penyelenggaraan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara Indonesia adalah terwujudnya kehidupan yang ber-Ketuhanan, yang ber-Kemanusiaan, yang ber-Persatuan, yang ber-Kerakyatan, dan yang ber-Keadilan. </li>
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</div><strong>Makna Sila-Sila Pancasila</strong><br />
<div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><strong>1. </strong>Arti dan Makna Sila Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa Manusia sebagai makhluk yang ada di dunia ini seperti halnya makhluk lain diciptakan oleh penciptanya. Pencipta itu adalah kausa prima yang mempunyai hubungan dengan yang diciptakannya. Manusia sebagai makhluk yang dicipta wajib melaksanakan perintah Tuhan dan menjauhi larangan-Nya.</div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><strong>2.</strong> Arti dan Makna Sila Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab Manusia ditempatkan sesuai dengan harkatnya. Hal ini berarti bahwa manusia mempunyai derajat yang sama di hadapan hukum. Sejalan dengan sifat universal bahwa kemanusiaan itu dimiliki oleh semua bangsa, maka hal itupun juga kita terapkan dalam kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. Sesuai dengan hal itu, hak kebebasan dan kemerdekaan dijunjung tinggi.</div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><strong>3. </strong>Arti dan Makna Sila Persatuan Indonesia Makna persatuan hakekatnya adalah satu, yang artinya bulat, tidak terpecah. Jika persatuan Indonesia dikaitkan dengan pengertian modern sekarang ini, maka disebut nasionalisme. Oleh karena rasa satu yang sedemikian kuatnya, maka timbulah rasa cinta bangsa dan tanah air.</div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><strong>4.</strong> Arti dan Makna Sila Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan dalam Permusyawaratan/Perwakilan Perbedaan secara umum demokrasi di barat dan di Indonesia yaitu terletak pada permusyawarata. Permusyawaratan diusahakan agar dapat menghasilkan keputusan-keputusan yang diambil secara bulat. Kebijaksaan ini merupakan suatu prinsip bahwa yang diputuskan itu memang bermanfaat bagi kepentingan rakyat banyak.</div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><strong>5.</strong> Arti dan Makna Sila Keadila Sosial Bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia Keadilan berarti adanya persamaan dan saling menghargai karya orang lain. Jadi seseorang bertindak adil apabila dia memberikan sesuatu kepada orang lain sesuai dengan haknya. Kemakmuran yang merata bagi seluruh rakyat dalam arti dinamis dan meningkat.</div><div style="margin-left: 36pt;"><br />
</div><b>Makna Ideologi bagi Bangsa & Negara</b><br />
<div style="margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ideologi sbg hasil refleksi manusia berkat kemampuannya memberikan hasil pemikiran thd dunia kehidupan </div><div style="margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Hubungan dialektis antara ideologi dan Negara. Ideologi <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> semakin realistis, masyarakat <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> semakin ideal</div><div style="margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ideologi menjadi orientasi praktis dlm mencapai tujuan nasional </div><div style="margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ideologi bersifat dinamis, terbuka, antisipatif <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> mampu menampung aspirasi masyarakat </div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-30512656344783987022011-01-27T09:48:00.000+07:002011-01-27T09:48:38.570+07:00Pancasila sebagai Etika Politik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Etika merupakan suatu pemikiran kritis dan mendasar tentang ajaran-ajaran dan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">pandangan-pandangan moral. Etika adalah suatu ilmu yang membahass tentang bagaimana dan mengapa kita mengikuti suatu ajaran moral</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">tertentu, atau bagaimana kita<span> </span>harus menggambil</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">sikap yang bertanggung jawab berhadapan dengan berbagai ajaran moral (Suseno, 1987).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Etika, atau filsafat moral (Telchman, 1998) mempunyai tujuan menerangkan kebaikan dan kejahatan. Etika politik dengan demikian, memiliki tujuan menjelaskan mana tingkah laku politik yang baik dan sebaliknya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PANCASILA SEBAGAI ETIKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> (nilai, moral, norma) <br />
<br />
Pancasila memuat nilai-nilai luhur dan mendalam yang menjadi pandangan hidup dan dasar negara yakni nilai dasar, nilai instrumental dan nilai praksis :<br />
<br />
1. Nilai dasar adalah azas yang kita terima sebagai dalil yang kurang lebih mutlak. <br />
2. Nilai instrumental adalah pelaksanaan umum nilai-nilai dasar biasanya dalam norma sosial dan norma hukum yang selanjutnya terkristalisasi dalam lembaga-lembaga yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tempat dan waktu <br />
3. Nilai praksis adalah nilai yang sesungguhnyakita laksanakan dalam kenyataan<br />
<br />
Pancasila sering disebut sebagai dasar falsafah negara (dasar filsafat negara) dan ideologi negara. Pancasila dipergunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengatur pemerintahan dan mengatur penyelenggaraan negara. Konsep-konsep Pancasila tentang kehidupan bernegara yang disebut cita hukum (staatsidee), merupakan cita hukum yang harus dilaksanakan secara konsisten dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara.<br />
<br />
Pancasila juga mempunyai fungsi dan kedudukan sebagai pokok atau kaidah negara yang mendasar (fundamental norma). Kedudukan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara bersifat tetap, kuat, dan tidak dapat diubah oleh siapapun, termasuk oleh MPR-DPR hasil pemilihan umum. Mengubah Pancasila berarti membubarkan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang diproklamasikan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945.<br />
<br />
Pancasila sebagai kaidah negara yang fundamental berarti bahwa hukum dasar tertulis (UUD), hukum tidak tertulis (konvensi), dan semua hukum atau peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dalam negara Republik Indonesia harus bersumber dan berada dibawah pokok kaidah negara yang fundamental tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-1500565958671121532011-01-27T09:43:00.000+07:002011-01-27T15:04:01.088+07:00Pancasila sebagai Filsafat<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Filsafat Pancasila mempunyai fungsi dan peranan sebagai pedoman dan pegangan dalam sikap, tingkah laku dan perbuatan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dalam bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara bagi bangsa Indonesia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pancasila dikatakan sebahai filsafat, karena Pancasila merupakan hasil permenungan jiwa yang mendalam yang dilakukan oleh the faounding father kita, yang dituangkan dalam suatu sistem (Ruslan Abdul Gani).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Susunan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila-sila Pancasila yang merupakan sistem filsafat pada hakikatnya merupakan suatu kesatuan organis. Artinya, antara sila-sila Pancasila itu saling berkaitan, saling berhubungan bahkan saling mengkualifikasi. Pemikiran dasar yang terkandung dalam Pancasila, yaitu pemikiran tentang manusia yang berhubungan dengan Tuhan, dengan diri sendiri, dengan sesama, dengan masyarakat<span> </span>bangsa yang nilai-nilai itu dimiliki oleh bangsa Indonesia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Ciri sistem Filsafat Pancasila itu antara lain</b>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila-sila Pancasila merupakan satu-kesatuan sistem yang bulat dan utuh. Dengan kata lain, apabila tidak bulat dan utuh atau satu sila dengan sila lainnya terpisah-pisah maka itu bukan Pancasila.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Susunan Pancasila dengan suatu sistem yang bulat dan utuh itu dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila 1, meliputi, mendasari dan menjiwai sila 2,3,4 dan 5;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila 2, diliputi, didasari, dijiwai sila 1, dan mendasari dan menjiwai sila 3, 4 dan 5;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila 3, diliputi, didasari, dijiwai sila 1, 2, dan mendasari dan menjiwai sila 4, 5;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila 4, diliputi, didasari, dijiwai sila 1,2,3, dan mendasari dan menjiwai sila 5;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sila 5, diliputi, didasari, dijiwai sila 1,2,3,4.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Landasan Ontologi Pancasila</b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Ontologi, menurut Aristoteles adalah ilmu yang meyelidiki <i>hakikat sesuatu</i> atau <i>tentang ada, keberadaan atau eksistensi </i>dan disamakan artinya dengan metafisika.</li>
</ul></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Secara ontologis, penyelidikan Pancasila sebagai filsafat dimaksudkan sebagai upaya untuk mengetahui hakikat dasar dari sila-sila Pancasila. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pancasila yang terdiri atas lima sila, setiap sila bukanlah merupakan asas yang berdiri sendiri-sendiri, malainkan memiliki satu kesatuan dasar ontologis.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Dasar ontologis Pancasila pada hakikatnya adalah <span style="color: red;">manusia,</span> yang memiliki hakikat mutlak yaitu <i>monopluralis, </i>atau <i>monodualis, </i>karena itu juga disebut sebagai <i>dasar antropologis. S</i>ubyek pendukung pokok dari sila-sila Pancasila adalah manusia.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Hal tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa yang Berketuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang berkemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab, yang berpersatuan, yang berkerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan serta yang berkeadilan sosial pada hakikatnya adalah manusia.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Sedangkan manusia sebagai pendukung pokok sila-sila Pancasila secara ontologis memiliki hal-hal yang mutlak, yaitu terdiri atas susunan kodrat, raga dan jiwa, jasmani dan rohani. Sifat kodrat manusia adalah sebagai makhluk individu dan makhluk sosial sekaligus menunjukkan keterbatasan sebagai makhluk. Maka secara hirarkis sila pertama mendasari dan menjiwai sila-sila Pancasila lainnya. (lihat Notonagoro, 1975: 53). </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Hubungan kesesuaian antara negara dan landasan sila-sila Pancasila adalah berupa hubungan sebab-akibat:</li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Negara sebagai pendukung hubungan, sedangkan Tuhan, manusia, satu,<span> </span>rakyat, dan adil sebagai pokok pangkal hubungan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Landasan sila-sila Pancasila yaitu Tuhan, manusia, satu, rakyat dan adil adalah sebagai sebab, dan negara adalah sebagai akibat.</li>
</ul></ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Landasan Epistemologis Pancasila </b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Epistemologi adalah cabang filsafat<span> </span>yang menyelidiki asal, syarat, susunan, metode, dan validitas ilmu pengetahuan. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Epistemologi meneliti sumber pengetahuan, proses dan syarat terjadinya pengetahuan, batas dan validitas ilmu pengetahuan. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Epistemologi adalah ilmu tentang ilmu atau teori terjadinya ilmu atau <i>science of science.</i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Secara epistemologis kajian Pancasila sebagai filsafat dimaksudkan sebagai upaya untuk mencari hakikat Pancasila sebagai suatu sistem pengetahuan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pancasila sebagai sistem filsafat pada hakikatnya juga merupakan sistem pengetahuan. Ini berarti Pancasila telah menjadi suatu <i>belief system</i>, sistem cita-cita, menjadi suatu ideologi. Oleh karena itu Pancasila harus memiliki unsur rasionalitas terutama dalam kedudukannya sebagai sistem pengetahuan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pancasila sebagai suatu obyek pengetahuan<span> </span>pada hakikatnya meliputi masalah sumber pengetahuan dan susunan pengetahuan Pancasila. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Tentang <i>sumber pengetahuan Pancasila</i>, sebagaimana telah dipahami bersama adalah nilai-nilai yang ada pada bangsa Indonesia sendiri. Nilai-nilai tersebut merupakan kausa materialis Pancasila.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Tentang <i>susunan Pancasila sebagai suatu sistem pengetahuan,</i> maka Pancasila memiliki susunan yang bersifat formal logis, baik dalam arti susunan sila-sila Pancasila maupun isi arti dari sila-sila Pancasila itu. Susunan kesatuan sila-sila Pancasila adalah bersifat hirarkis dan berbentuk piramidal. </li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Menurut Pancasila, hakikat manusia adalah monopluralis, yaitu hakikat manusia yang memiliki unsur pokok susunan kodrat yang terdiri atas raga dan jiwa. Hakikat raga manusia memiliki unsur fisis anorganis, vegetatif, dan animal. Hakikat jiwa memiliki unsur akal, rasa, kehendak yang merupakan potensi sebagai sumber daya cipta manusia yang melahirkan pengetahuan yang benar, berdasarkan pemikiran memoris, reseptif, kritis dan kreatif. Selain itu, potensi atau daya tersebut mampu meresapkan pengetahuan dan menstranformasikan pengetahuan dalam demontrasi, imajinasi, asosiasi, analogi, refleksi, intuisi, inspirasi dan ilham.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Secara aksiologis</b>, bangsa Indonesia merupakan pendukung nilai-nilai Pancasila (subscriber of value Pancasila), yaitu bangsa yang berketuhanan, yang berkemanusiaan, yang berpersatuan, yang berkerakyatan dan berkeadilan sosial. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pengakuan, penerimaan dan pernghargaan atas nilai-nilai Pancasila itu nampak dalam sikap, tingkah laku, dan perbuatan bangsa Indonesia sehingga mencerminkan sifat khas sebagai Manusia Indonesia</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b>Notonagoro</b> membagi nilai menjadi tiga macam,, yaitu:</li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai material</u>, yaitu sesuatu yang berguna bagi manusia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai vital</u>, yaitu sesuatu yang berguna bagi manusia untuk dapat melaksanakana kegiatan atau aktivitas.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai kerokhanian,</u> yaitu segala sesuatu yang berguna bagi rohani yang dapat dibedakan menjadi empat macam:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 144pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai kebenaran</u>, yang bersumber pada akal (ratio, budi, cipta) manusia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 144pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai keindahan,</u> atau nilai estetis, yang bersumber pada unsur perasaan (aesthetis, rasa) manusia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 144pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u>Nilai kebaikan,</u> atau nilai moral, yang bersumber pada unsur kehendak (will, karsa) manusia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><u>Nilai religius,</u> yang merupakan nilai kerokhanian tertinggi dan mutlak. Nilai religius ini bersumber kepada kepercayaan atau keyakinan manusia.</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-55063640446049381752011-01-27T09:37:00.000+07:002011-01-27T15:05:25.192+07:00Laporan perihal ketidakpastian<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI PENUNJANG</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.1. Pendahuluan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran yang akurat merupakan bagian penting dari fisika, walaupun demikian tidak ada pengukuran yang benar-benar tepat. Ada ketidakpastian yang berhubungan dengan setiap pengukuran. Ketidakpastian muncul dari sumber yang berbeda. Di antara yang paling penting, selain kesalahan, adalah keterbatasan ketepatan setiap alat pengukur dan ketidakmampuan membaca sebuah alat ukur di luar batas bagian terkecil yang ditunjukkan. Misalnya anda memakai sebuah penggaris centimeter untuk mengukur lebar sebuah papan, hasilnya dapat dipastikan akurat sampai 0,1 cm, yaitu bagian terkecil pada penggaris tersebut. Alasannya, adalah sulit untuk memastikan suatu nilai di antara garis pembagi terkecil tersebut, dan penggaris itu sendiri mungkin tidak dibuat atau dikalibrasi sampai ketepatan yang lebih baik dari ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika menyatakan hasil pengukuran, penting juga untuk menyatakan ketepatan atau perkiraan ketidakpastian pada pengukuran tersebut. Sebagai contoh, hasil pengukuran lebar papan tulis : 5,2 plus minus 0,1 cm. Hasil Plus minus 0,1 cm (kurang lebih 0,1 cm) menyatakan perkiraan ketidakpastian pada pengukuran tersebut sehingga lebar sebenarnya paling mungkin berada di antara 5,1 dan 5,3.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persentase ketidakpastian merupakan perbandingan antara ketidakpastia dan nilai yang diukur, dikalikan dengan 100 %. Misalnya jika hasil pengukuran adalah 5,2 cm dan ketidakpastiannya 0,1 cm maka persentase ketidakpastiannya adalah : (0,1 / 5,2) x 100 % = 2 %.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seringkali, ketidakpastian pada suatu nilai terukur tidak dinyatakan secara eksplisit. Pada kasus seperti ini, ketidakpastian biasanya dianggap sebesar satu atau dua satuan (atau bahkan tiga) dari angka terakhir yang diberikan. Sebagai contoh, jika panjang sebuah benda dinyatakan sebagai 5,2 cm, ketidakpastian dianggap sebesar 0,1 cm (atau mungkin 0,2 cm). Dalam hal ini, penting untuk tidak menulis 5,20 cm, karena hal itu menyatakan ketidakpastian sebesar 0,01 cm; dianggap bahwa panjang benda tersebut mungkin antara 5,19 dan 5,21 cm, sementara sebenarnya anda menyangka nilainya antara 5,1 dan 5,3 cm.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan percobaan, pengetahuan tentang Teori Ketidakpastian sangat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penting. Dengan teori tersebut kita dapat memberikan penilaian yang wajar dari percobaan kita. Jelas bahwa hasil percobaan kita dapat diharapkan tepat sama dengan hasil riset, dimana hasil benar adalah x<sub>o</sub>. Namun, selama harga <sub>Xo</sub> berada pada </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Xo</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-Δx<x<sub>o</sub><x<sub>o</sub>+ Δx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Xo<span> </span></span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= nilai terbaik, sebagai pengganti nilai benar </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Δx<span> </span>= kesalahan pada hasil pengukuran yang disebabkan oleh <span> </span>kesalahan alat, pengamat, waktu dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka percobaan kita sungguh-sungguh mempunyai arti dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Kesalahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap hasil pengukuran selalu dihinggapi suatu kesalah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya sumber-sumber kesalahan, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<u> Kesalahan Sistematis</u></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Kesalahan Kalibrasi (Faktor alat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyesuaian kembali perangkat pengukuran agar sesuai dengan besaran dari standar akurasi semula.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Kesalahan Titik Nol (0)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini terjadi karena titik nol skala tidak berimpit dengan titik nol jarum penunjuk.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Kelelahan Alat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikarenakan alat sering dipakai terus menerus sehingga alat tidak akurat lagi. Contoh: pegas yang mulai mengendur; jarum penunjuk pada voltmeter bergesekan dengan garis skala.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Kesalahan Paralaks/Paralax (Sudut Pandang)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika membaca nilai skala, pembaca berpindah tempat / tidak tepat melihatnya / obyek yang dilihat berbeda dengan obyek pertama yang diamati.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Kondisi Lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika melakukan pengukuran, kondisi lingkungan berubah sehingga tidak bisa dilakukan pengukuran seperti biasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<u> Kesalahan Rambang (Kesalahan yang Tidak Dapat Dikendalikan)</u></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebabkan karena adanya sedikit fluktuasi pada kondisi-kondisi pengukuran . contoh fluktuasi tegangan listrik; gerak brown molekul udara; landasan obyek bergetar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <u>Keteledoran Pengamat</u></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterbatasan pengamat dalam membaca hasil pengukuran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1029"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.2. Nilai Skala Terkecil (Least Count) Alat Ukur.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan suatu alat ukur, dimana untuk setiap alat ukur akan memiliki nilai skala terkecil (nst).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap alat ukur memiliki skala yakni berupa panjang atau busur. Pada skala tersebut terdapat goresan besar dan kecil yang berfungsi sebagai pembagi serta dibubuhi nilai tertentu. Secara fisik, jarak antara dua goresan kecil yang berdekatan tidak pernah kurang dari 1 mm dengan tepat (1 mm adalah daya resolusi mata yang maksimum). Keadaan menjadi lebih buruk lagi bila ujung atau pinggir dari obyek yang diukur tidak tajam. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="15" width="37"><br />
</td> <td width="64"><br />
</td> <td width="324"><br />
</td> <td width="79"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="182"><br />
</td> <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top"><img height="182" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="467" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="21"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="87"><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="87" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="324" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 8 : Skala utama dan Skala Nonius</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nonius Alat Ukur</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nonius merupakan alat bantu pada alat ukur untuk menghasilkan pengukuran yang lebih teliti dari yang dapat ditunjukan oleh nst. Alat bantu ini membuat alat ukur menjdi lebih besar kemampuannya dalam pengukuran, karena jarak antara dua garis skala yang berdekatan seolah- olah menjadi lebih kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan pada Hasil Pengukuran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara memperkirakan dan menyatakan kesalahan ini, bergantung pada<span> </span>cara pengukuran yang dilakukan yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran tunggal (tidak dapat diulang) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguran berulang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.3. Pengukuran Tunggal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab-sebab pengukuran tidak diulang :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwanya tidak diulang, contoh pengukuran kecepatan komet, lamanya gerhana matahari total dan lain- lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun diulang, hasilnya tetap sama : hal ini biasanya akibat alat ukur kasar yang dipakai untuk mrngukur yang halus, contoh : tebal buku dengan mistar dan lain- lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hal demikian hasil pengukuran dihasilkan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X = x ± ∆x </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan <span> </span>x<span> </span><span> </span>: hasil penguran tunggal </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>∆x : ketidak pastian = ½ nst.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan yang dikenal Ketidakpastian (KTP) Relatif adalalah </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTP relatif = <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="25" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila menggunakan KTP relatif maka hasil pengukuran dilaporkan sebagai berikut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X =<span> </span>KTP ± relatif x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.4. Pengukuran Berulang </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran berulang menghasilkan sampel dari populasi x yaitu<span> </span><span><img height="19" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="109" />. </span>Untuk menyatakan nilai terbaik sebagai pengganti nilai benar x<sub>0</sub> dari pengukuran di atas, maka dipakai nilai rata-rata sampel, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="7" width="110"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="253" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Sedangkan untuk ketidakpastian pada pengukuran berulang digunakan rumus deviasi standar, yaitu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>∆x<span> </span>= </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 19pt;"><img height="69" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="152" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil pengukuran dilaporkan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 143.45pt; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="45" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 143.45pt; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.5. Angka Berarti (Significant Figures) </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "lucida grande","serif";">Angka berarti (AB) menunjukkan jumlah digit angka yang akan dilaporkan pada hasil akhir pengukuran. AB berkaitan dengan KTP relatif ( dalam % ). Semakin kecil KTP relatif maka semakin tinggi mutu pengukuran atau semakin tinggi ketelitian hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan. Hubungan antara KTP relatif dan AB adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "lucida grande","serif";">AB = 1 – log </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="40" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalkan diameter suatu benda dinyatakan dengan D<sub>1</sub>=(12 ± 0,5 )mm dan D<sub>2</sub> = (12,0 ± 0,08 )mm. Apabila dibuat dalam bilangan baku maka akan dituliskan :<span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D<sub>1</sub> = (12 ± 0,05)10<sup>1</sup>mm atau D<sub>1</sub> <span> </span>= (1,2 ± 0,05)10<sup>-2</sup>m</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D<sub>2</sub> = (12,0 ± 0,008 )10<sup>1</sup>mm atau D<sub>2</sub> =<span> </span>(12,0 ± 0,008 ) 10<sup>-2</sup>m<span> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila diperhatikan bahwa bilangan di dalam kurung tidak berubah jika satuannya diubah. D1 terdiri 2 angka berarti sedang D2 terdiri 3 angka berarti.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.6. Perambatan Ketidakpastian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika suatu variabel merupakan fungsi dari variabel lain yang disertai oleh ketidakpastian, maka variabel ini akan disertai pula oleh ketidakpastian. Hal ini disebut sebagai perambatan ketidakpastian. Contoh perambatan ketidakpastian dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut ini,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 14.2pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.6pt;" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabel yang dilibatkan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operasi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakpastian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td rowspan="5" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.6pt;" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 13pt;"><img height="43" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="47" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjumlahan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="64" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="92" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="92" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkalian</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="124" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="40" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="123" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 33.55pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.75pt;" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pangkat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.7pt;" width="129"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="41" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 33.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" width="134"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="95" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : panjang, lebar dan tinggi suatu balok diukur sekali dengan data sbb. P= (4,0±0,05) cm, l=(3,0±0,05) cm dan <span> </span>t= (2,0±0,05) cm. tentukan<span> </span>V ± V.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V = plt = 4,0 x 3, 0 x 2,0 = 24,00 cc</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆V = lt ∆p + pt ∆l + pl ∆t</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(∆V/V) = (∆p/p) + (∆l/l) + (∆t/t)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(∆V/V) = (0,05/4,0) + (0,05/3,0) + (0,05/2,0)=0,053</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Dengan demikian ∆V = 0,053 x 24,00 = 1,272</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>sehingga V = (24 ± 1 ) cc</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="12" /></span>PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.1. Pengukuran dengan Jangka Sorong</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memutar pengunci ke kiri, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuka rahang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan batang baja, tembaga dan alumunium ke rahang bawah jangka sorong, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggeser rahang agar rahang tepat pada benda, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memutar pengunci ke kanan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca skala utama dan nonius</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.2. Pengukuran dengan Mikrometer</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjepit batang baja, tembaga, dan alumunium yang akan diukur ketebalannya dengan rahang mikrometer sampai rapat benar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengamati skala utama pada tuas mikrometer</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca skala utama dan nonius</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DATA PERCOBAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumus menghitung rata-rata :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="67" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumus menghitung ketidakpastian mutlak :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>∆x<span> </span>= </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 19pt;"><img height="69" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="152" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumus untuk menghitung angka berarti :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB = 1 – log <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="25" /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.1. Pengukuran dengan Jangka Sorong</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Baja</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tebal (mm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,85</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,85</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="13" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8,88</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆x<span> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,01225</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="59" /></span>8,800 ± 0,012</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Kuningan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang (mm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">37,8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">37,8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">37,9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">37,8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">37,9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="13" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37,84</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆x<span> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 15.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,02449</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="59" /></span>37,84 ± 0,024</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Aluminium</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebar (mm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,2</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="13" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">22,28</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆x<span> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 8.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>0,02</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="59" /></span>22,28 ± 0,020</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.2. Pengukuran dengan Mikrometer</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Baja</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tebal (mm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.80</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.82</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.80</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.81</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.80</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="13" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8,806</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆x<span> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 8.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>0,004</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="59" /></span>8,806± 0,006</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Aluminium</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 63.6pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebar (mm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,29</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,32</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,28</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,29</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" valign="bottom" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,27</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="13" /></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">22,288</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∆x<span> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 8.8pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,00663</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" width="74"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AB</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.25pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="59" /></span>22,29 ± 0,008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik pada lampiran 1, 2, dan 3.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap pengukuran yang dilakukan, akan rentan terjadi kesalahan dalam pengukuran tersebut, yang akan berpengaruh terhadap data yang didapat. Oleh karena itu pengetahuan terhadap teori ketidakpastian sangat penting untuk dipahami agar kesalahan yang terjadi dapat diminimalisir bahkan dapat dihilangkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan yang benar terhadap cara penggunaan alat ukur akan meminimalisir kesalahan pengukuran, oleh karena itu sebelum melakukan pengukuran perlu pngetahuan yang lengkap tentang penggunaan alat tersebut. Pada saat pengukuran dilakukan pastikan bahwa kondisinya selalu sama, contohnya adalah suhu yang dapat mempengaruhi logam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran yang dilakukan secara berulang dapat meningkatkan keakuratan data, karena data yang yang didapat lebih kuat sehingga hasilnya dapat dipertanggungjawbkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalibrasi terhadap alat ukur sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengindari kesalahan karena nilai yang diukur selalu disesuaikan terhadap standar acuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpangan yang didapat dari perhitungan terhadap data pengukuran penting untuk diketahui agar toleransi pengukuran tidak terlalu jauh dari nilai yang sebenarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan ketidakpastian, semakin kecil simpangan alat ukur , maka semakin akurat alat ukur tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil percobaan, didapat data :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pengukuran menggunakan jangka sorong ;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketebalan Baja (mm) adalah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 8,800 ± 0,012.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang Logam Kuningan (mm) = </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37,84 ± 0,024.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebar logam Alumunium (mm) = </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">22,28 ± 0,020</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pengukuran menggunakan micrometer</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketebalan Baja (mm) = </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8,806± 0,006.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebar Logam Aluminium = 22,29 ± 0,008.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan data diatas, jika dilihat dari ketidakpastian (simpangan) maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikrometer lebih akurat daripada jangka sorong.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-88575335664689679762011-01-27T09:32:00.001+07:002011-01-27T15:05:25.192+07:00laporan pegas spiral<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN PERCOBAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Mahasiswa dapat memahami tentang :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Hukum Hooke.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Menentukan besarnya konstanta pegas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Menentukan hubungan antara waktu getar, konstanta pegas, massa beban dan percepatan grafitasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pertambahan panjang pegas sebanding dengan gaya yang bekerja pada <span> </span>pegas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PERALATAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Statif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Skala pelengkap statif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pegas Spiral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Tabung tempat menaruh beban (ember)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Beban tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Timbangan digital</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Stopwatch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">III. TEORI PENUNJANG</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Setiap gerak yang terjadi secara berulang dalam selang waktu yang sama disebut gerak periodik. Karena gerak ini terjadi secara teratur maka disebut juga sebagai gerak harmonik/harmonis. Apabila suatu partikel melakukan gerak periodik pada lintasan yang sama maka geraknya disebut gerak osilasi/getaran. Bentuk yang sederhana dari gerak periodik adalah benda yang berosilasi pada ujung pegas. </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pegas merupakan salah satu contoh benda elastis. Elastis atau elastsisitas adalah kemampuan sebuah benda untuk kembali ke bentuk awalnya ketika gaya luar yang diberikan pada benda tersebut dihilangkan. Jika sebuah gaya diberikan pada sebuah benda yang elastis, maka bentuk benda tersebut berubah. Untuk pegas dan karet, yang dimaksudkan dengan perubahan bentuk adalah pertambahan panjang. Perlu kita ketahui bahwa gaya yang diberikan juga memiliki batas-batas tertentu. Sebuah karet bisa putus jika gaya tarik yang diberikan sangat besar, melawati batas elastisitasnya. Demikian juga sebuah pegas tidak akan kembali ke bentuk semula jika diregangkan dengan gaya yang sangat besar. Jadi benda-benda elastis tersebut memiliki batas elastisitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Robert Hooke pada tahun 1676 mengusulkan sutu hokum fisika yang menyangkut pertambahan panjang sebuah benda elastic yang dikenai oleh suatu gaya. Menurut Hooke, pertambahan panjang berbanding lurus dengan yang diberikan pada benda. Secara matematis, hokum Hooke ini dapat dituliskan sebagai;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="63" /></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Dengan ; <i><span> </span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";">F</span></i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span>= gaya yang dikerjakan (N)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";"><span> </span>x</span></i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span>= pertambahan panjang (m)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";">k</span></i><span style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span>= konstanta gaya (N/m)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Hukum Hooke akurat jika pegas tidak ditekan sampai kumparan pegas bersentuhan atau diregangkan sampai batas elastisitas. Tanda negatif menunjukkan bahwa gaya pemulih alias F mempunyai arah berlawanan dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">perpanjangan <i><span>x</span></i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> Sedangkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Konstanta pegas berkaitan dengan kaku atau lembut sebuah pegas. Semakin besar konstanta pegas (semakin kaku sebuah pegas), semakin besar gaya yang diperlukan untuk menekan atau meregangkan pegas. Sebaliknya semakin lembut sebuah pegas (semakin kecil konstanta pegas), semakin kecil gaya yang diperlukan untuk meregangkan pegas.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">ada pegas yang digantungkan vertikal, gravitasi bekerja pada benda bermassa yang dikaitkan pada ujung pegas. Akibatnya, walaupun tidak ditarik ke bawah, pegas dengan sendirinya meregang sejauh x<sub>0</sub>. Pada keadaan ini benda yang digantungkan pada pegas berada pada posisi setimbang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="height: 229px; left: 0px; margin-left: 116px; margin-top: 167px; position: absolute; width: 330px; z-index: 251645952;"><img height="229" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="330" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan hukum II Newton, benda berada dalam keadaan setimbang jika gaya total = 0. Gaya yang bekerja pada benda yang digantung adalah gaya pegas (F<sub>0</sub> = -kx<sub>0</sub>) yang arahnya ke atas dan gaya berat (w = mg) yang arahnya ke bawah. Total kedua gaya ini sama dengan nol.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Resultan gaya yang bekerja pada titik kesetimbangan = 0. Hal ini berarti benda diam alias tidak bergerak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Jika kita meregangkan pegas (menarik pegas ke bawah) sejauh x, maka pada keadaan ini bekerja gaya pegas yang nilainya lebih besar dari pada gaya berat, sehingga benda tidak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">lagi berada pada keadaan setimbang</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Total kedua gaya ini tidak sama dengan nol karena terdapat pertambahan jarak sejauh x</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> (simpangan)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">; sehingga </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">diperoleh persamaan ;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 207px; left: 0px; margin-left: 58px; margin-top: 31px; position: absolute; width: 147px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="207" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="147" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 47px; left: 0px; margin-left: 119px; margin-top: 136px; position: absolute; width: 130px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="130" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 67pt;"><img height="185" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="187" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Dimana :<span> </span></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="17" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span>=<span> </span>jumlah berat beban, pegas dan ember (Kg)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";">T</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> =<span> </span>waktu getar/perioda (s)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";">k</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> <span> </span>=<span> </span>konstanta pegas (N/m)</span></div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">IV. PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Mengaitkan salah satu ujung pegas pada statif , dan salah satu ujungnya dengan Ember kosong. Mengatur skala sedemikian rupa sehingga jarum menunjukan pada bagian skala itu, mencatat penunjuk jarum tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Menambahkan berturut-turut beban-beban ke dalam tabung. Tiap penambahan beban lalu menggetarkan pegas sebanyak 20 getaran dan mencatat waktunya, melakukan hal di atas<span> </span>hingga pengukuran 8 beban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Setelah menyelesaikan semua beban yang tersedia ( 8 keping ) kemudian mengurangi satu persatu beban dalam tabung. Setelah itu setiap pengurangan beban dalam tabung dan menggetarkanya sebanyak 20 getaran mencatat kembali waktu yang diperlukan.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Mengulangi langkah percobaan (2), (3) dan(4) dengan penambahan dan pengurangan dua keping beban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Menimbang masing-masing berat ember, pegas dan beban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">V. DATA PERCOBAAN dan PERHITUNGAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Rumus untuk mencari T</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bell MT","serif";"><span> </span>T = t/20 getaran</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Rumus untuk mencari<span> </span>k</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="31"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="68" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span>dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">π = 3.14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Rumus mencari Gaya pada pegas (F)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="63" /></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Data Percobaan Pegas Spiral</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Massa Benda<span> </span>: 0,0048 Kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Massa Pegas<span> </span>: 0,0143 Kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Massa Ember<span> </span>: 0,0778 Kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">1.a. Penambahan satu beban</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 527px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">n</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Beban </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(g)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.8pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">m </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -8.8pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">x</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Getaran</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">t</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(detik)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">T (t/20 getaran)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">K</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(N/m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">F </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0048</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0969</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0070</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">13,9800</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,6990</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,8247</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,0548</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0114</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1035</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0170</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,4400</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7220</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,8334</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,1332</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0185</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1106</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0270</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,0700</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7535</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,6812</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2074</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0248</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1169</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0370</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,8300</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7915</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,3605</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2723</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0300</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1221</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0440</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,9600</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7980</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,5594</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,3326</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0360</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1281</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0540</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,5100</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8255</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4125</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,4003</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0421</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1342</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0620</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,6200</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8310</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,6643</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,4752</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0470</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1391</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0690</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">17,2000</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8600</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.4pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4163</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.05pt;" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,5117</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. Pengurangan satu beban</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 520px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">n</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Beban</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">m </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">x </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Getaran</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">t</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(detik)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">T (t/20 getaran)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">K</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N/m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">F </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0470</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1391</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0690</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">17,2000</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8600</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4163</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,5117</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0421</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1342</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0620</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,9700</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8485</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,3514</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,4558</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0360</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1281</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0520</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,4300</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8215</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4849</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,3892</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0300</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1221</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0450</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,1000</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8050</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4285</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,3343</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0248</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1169</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0370</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,5700</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7785</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,6084</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2815</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0185</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1106</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0280</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,6800</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7340</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8,0948</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2267</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0114</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1035</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0170</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,4100</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7205</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,8661</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,1337</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="bottom" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0048</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0969</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0070</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,3200</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7160</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4576</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,0522</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">2.a. Penambahan dua beban</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 524px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">n</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Beban</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">m</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">x</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Getaran</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">t </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(detik)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">T (t/20 getaran)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">K </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N/m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">F </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0114</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1035</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0170</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,60</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7300</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,6627</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,1303</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0247</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1168</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0370</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,71</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7855</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4682</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2763</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0359</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1280</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0520</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,45</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8225</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4632</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,3881</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0469</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1390</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0680</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">17,31</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8655</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="65"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,3181</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,4976</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. Pengurangan dua beban</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 533px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">n</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Beban (Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">m </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Kg)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">x </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Getaran</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">t </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(detik)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">T (t/20 getaran)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">K </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(N/m)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">F</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>(N)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0469</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1390</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0680</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">17,31</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8655</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,3181</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,4976</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0359</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1280</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0520</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16,44</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,8220</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,4723</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,3886</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0247</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1168</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0360</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15,62</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7810</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,5546</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,2720</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0114</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50pt;" valign="bottom" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,1035</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,0170</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14,59</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0,7295</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7,6732</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">-0,1304</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Grafik Hubungan Gaya (F) pada Pegas terhadap Pergeseran/Regangan (x)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 192px; left: 0px; margin-left: 180px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 338px; z-index: 251649024;"><img height="192" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="338" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">1.a. Penambahan satu beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 151px; left: 0px; margin-left: 35px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 134px; z-index: 251648000;"><img height="151" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="134" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="height: 150px; left: 0px; margin-left: 43px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 131px; z-index: 251650048;"><img height="150" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="131" /></span><span style="height: 215px; left: 0px; margin-left: 179px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 339px; z-index: 251651072;"><img height="215" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="339" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. Pengurangan satu beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="height: 81px; left: 0px; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 124px; z-index: 251652096;"><img height="81" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="124" /></span><span style="height: 225px; left: 0px; margin-left: 170px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251653120;"><img height="225" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="354" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">2.a. Penambahan dua beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="height: 84px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 124px; z-index: 251654144;"><img height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="124" /></span><span style="height: 230px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 366px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="230" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="366" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. Pengurangan dua beban</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Grafik Hubungan Perioda (T<sup>2</sup>) terhadap Berat (m)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="height: 150px; left: 0px; margin-left: 24px; margin-top: 25px; position: absolute; width: 140px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="150" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="140" /></span><span style="height: 224px; left: 0px; margin-left: 179px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 341px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="224" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="341" /></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">1.a. Penambahan satu beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. Pengurangan satu beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 233px; left: 22px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 499px;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">2.a. Penambahan dua beban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251660288;"><span style="height: 242px; left: 24px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 497px;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="height: 84px; left: 0px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 28px; position: absolute; width: 136px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="136" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">b. pengurangan dua beban </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251663360;"><span style="height: 214px; left: 172px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 349px;"><img height="214" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="349" /></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VI. PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 199px; margin-top: 228px; position: absolute; width: 94px; z-index: 251665408;"><img alt="Flowchart: Alternate Process: ∆F = k.∆x" height="42" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="94" /></span>Berdasarkan tabel hasil analisis data, diketahui bahwa semakin berat beban yang digantungkan pada pegas maka akan semakin besar pula pertambahan panjang pegas. Begitupun sebaliknya jika semakin kecil beban yang ditambahkan maka akan semakin kecil pula pertambahan panjang yang dialami oleh pegas. Dari hal tersebut dapat dikaitkan bahwa pertambahan panjang pegas berbanding lurus dengan pertambahan gaya pada pegas. Hal ini dapat ditunjukkan pada grafik hubungan ∆F<span> </span>dengan ∆x pada masing-masing percobaan, yang secara matematis hubungan antara pertambahan gaya dan pertambahan panjang pada pegas dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut,</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 34px; left: 0px; margin-left: 105px; margin-top: 142px; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="47" /></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Dimana ∆F adalah pertambahan gaya yang dilakukan pada pegas dengan satuan Newton sedangkan k adalah konstanta pegas dengan satuan (N/m) dan ∆x adalah pertambahan panjang pegas dengan satuan m. Hubungan antara ∆F dan ∆x dituangkan ke dalam grafik sehingga memudahkan untuk mencari tetapan pegas (k) yang dapat dicari dengan menggunakan persamaan<span> </span><span> </span>,pada grafik persamaan ini sama dengan slope/kemiringan garis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Perbandingan rata-rata nilai k hasil perhitungan tiap percobaan <span> </span>dengan grafik adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Percobaan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">k dari perhitungan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">k dari grafik</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Penambahan satu beban</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,5940</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,4250</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pengurangan satu beban</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,5885</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,2730</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Penambahan dua beban</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,4781</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,2280</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pengurangan dua beban</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,5045</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,2130</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.8pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 14.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Rata-rata nilai k </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,5413</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">7,2848</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> sedikit perbedaan antara nilai k hasil perhitungan denga nilai k dari grafik, hal ini dapat disebabkan karena kekurangtelitian dalam pembacaan skala mistar atau stopwatch, posisi pegas ketika diukur kurang seimbang dan pengukuran waktu yang kurang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 343px; margin-top: 166px; position: absolute; width: 68px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MooEe/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="68" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pada perhitungan data ditunjukan bahwa apabila beban yang ditambahkan semakin besar maka periode yang dibutuhkan semakin besar, sementara itu apabila simpangan yang digunakan semakin besar maka periode yang digunakan juga semakin besar. Begitu pula sebaliknya. Dari hal tersebut maka dapat dikatakan bahwa massa beban sebanding dengan periode getaran dan juga simpangan getaran sebanding dengan periode getaran relevan dengan rumus yang digunakan,<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VI. KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan hasil analisis data percobaan pegas spiral, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gaya yang bekerja pada pegas sebanding dengan pertambahan panjang pegas dan periode pegas sebanding dengan massa beban yang diberikan. Adapun nilai konstanta pegas (k) berdasarkan perhitungan adalah 7,5413, sedangkan nilai k pegas berdasarkan grafik adalah 7,2848. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000481307507272930.post-17327766188683509652011-01-22T20:48:00.001+07:002011-08-20T22:26:18.420+07:00Laporan GLBB<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">TUJUAN PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan praktikum Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan yaitu agar mahasiswa mampu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan besarnya percepatan yang terjadi dari suatu gerak lurus berubah beraturan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu menentukan besarnya kecepatan dari suatu gerak jatuh bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 57.6pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PERALATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Satu set rel presisi<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kereta dinamika<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Balok bertingkat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perekam waktu dan kertas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catu daya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pita meteran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stopwatch<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI PENUNJANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak lurus berubah beraturan (GLBB) adalah gerak benda dalam lintasan garis lurus dengan percepatan tetap. Percepatan ini dapat berupa perubahan kecepatan yang semakin cepat atau semakin berkurang (perlambatan). GLBB memiliki percepatan tetap karena pertambahan kecepatan rata-ratanya sama besar dalam selang waktu yang sama besar pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><span id="goog_362819351"></span><span id="goog_362819352"></span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 84.2pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 93.6pt; margin-top: 17.85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 213pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik dibawah ini menggambarkan hubungan yang terjadi pada GLBB ;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_xX4nGE4cP_o/S5nxZQFGpfI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/ohfFsbypyQA/s320/e17.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_xX4nGE4cP_o/S5nxZQFGpfI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/ohfFsbypyQA/s320/e17.PNG" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk GLBB yang memiliki kecepatan awal (V<sub>o</sub>), maka ;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f4U3L3gsiHo/Tk_MspfaRnI/AAAAAAAAADo/tXhKu3el004/s1600/GLBB+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f4U3L3gsiHo/Tk_MspfaRnI/AAAAAAAAADo/tXhKu3el004/s200/GLBB+1.png" width="200" /></a><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 106.7pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 122.85pt; margin-top: 0.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 132pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 21.4pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 147.1pt; margin-top: 106pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 71.9pt; z-index: 5;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:fill color2="#00b0f0" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S = jarak (m)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t = selang waktu (s)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V<sub>o</sub> = kecepatan awal (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V<sub>t</sub> = kecepatan akhir (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a = percepatan (m/s<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada selang waktu t, terjadi perubahan kecepatan (∆v) dari V<sub>o </sub>menjadi V<sub>t</sub> , sehingga kecepatan rata-rata dapat dituliskan, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 36.85pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 133.2pt; margin-top: 0.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 62.55pt; z-index: 4;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill color2="#00b0f0" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></sub></div><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JsduiVliqNQ/Tk_MGAOnJXI/AAAAAAAAADk/h1WP_2M3UDY/s1600/GLBB+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NnKmH1VlxVA/Tk_NOMONWuI/AAAAAAAAADs/iesLVFOlXr4/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NnKmH1VlxVA/Tk_NOMONWuI/AAAAAAAAADs/iesLVFOlXr4/s1600/2.png" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila persamaan (1) dan (2) digabung, akan didapat ,<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shapetype adj="16200,5400" coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t13" o:spt="13" path="m@0,l@0@1,0@1,0@2@0@2@0,21600,21600,10800xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="val #1"> <v:f eqn="sum height 0 #1"> <v:f eqn="sum 10800 0 #1"> <v:f eqn="sum width 0 #0"> <v:f eqn="prod @4 @3 10800"> <v:f eqn="sum width 0 @5"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path o:connectangles="270,180,90,0" o:connectlocs="@0,0;0,10800;@0,21600;21600,10800" o:connecttype="custom" textboxrect="0,@1,@6,@2"> <v:handles> <v:h position="#0,#1" xrange="0,21600" yrange="0,10800"> </v:h></v:handles> </v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" style="height: 13.5pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 86.65pt; margin-top: 8.5pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 25.5pt; z-index: 8;" type="#_x0000_t13"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xub8H5M94ck/Tk_OVLNSPJI/AAAAAAAAADw/gTT2MXMsB3k/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xub8H5M94ck/Tk_OVLNSPJI/AAAAAAAAADw/gTT2MXMsB3k/s200/3.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1039" style="height: 16.6pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 352.8pt; margin-top: 1.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 42.45pt; z-index: 12;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita ketahui bahwa untuk mencari jarak (S),dapat digunakan rumus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bila persamaan (1) dan (2) dimasukan ke dalam rumus itu maka diperoleh ;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1038" style="height: 16.6pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 143.45pt; margin-top: 4.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 42.45pt; z-index: 11;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1040" style="height: 40.45pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 143.45pt; margin-top: 29.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 134.5pt; z-index: 13;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uztfyKSChz4/Tk_OV5XEYoI/AAAAAAAAAD0/WFeA5FuRZ00/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="159" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uztfyKSChz4/Tk_OV5XEYoI/AAAAAAAAAD0/WFeA5FuRZ00/s200/4.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(4)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun contoh GLBB adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak Jatuh Bebas (GJB)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1080" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 16pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 156.75pt; margin-top: 127.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 37pt; z-index: 26;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" id="_x0000_s1043" strokecolor="#f79646" strokeweight="5pt" style="height: 23.35pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 141.6pt; margin-top: 122.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 64.6pt; z-index: 16;"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:stroke></v:roundrect><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ciri khasnya adalah benda jatuh tanpa kecepatan awal (V<sub>o</sub> = 0). Semakin ke bawah gerak benda semakin cepat. Percepatan yang dialami oleh setiap benda jatuh bebas selalu sama, yakni sama dengan percepatan gravitasi bumi (a = g = 9,8 m/s<sup>2</sup>). Persamaan gerak jatuh bebas sama dengan GLBB, hanya saja untuk jarak (s) diganti oleh tinggi (h).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39.3pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HFAVspZUNV8/Tk_O78EUO7I/AAAAAAAAAD4/h2zM1nvQ36c/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HFAVspZUNV8/Tk_O78EUO7I/AAAAAAAAAD4/h2zM1nvQ36c/s200/5.png" width="131" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1042" style="height: 34.75pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 153.85pt; margin-top: 46.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 52.35pt; z-index: 15;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill color2="fill lighten(49)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image016.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui waktu yang diperlukan benda untuk mencapai permukaan tanah atau ketinggian tertentu, dapat menggunakan persamaan ke tiga;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><o:wrapblock pagebreak="t"> <v:group coordorigin="4976,13410" coordsize="1312,1455" id="_x0000_s1051" style="height: 61pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 143.45pt; margin-top: 15.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 75.4pt; z-index: 21;"> <v:group coordorigin="5268,8140" coordsize="1110,1785" id="_x0000_s1052" style="position: absolute;"> <v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1053" strokecolor="#f79646" strokeweight="5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:stroke></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1054" strokecolor="#f79646" strokeweight="5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:stroke></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1055" strokecolor="#f79646" strokeweight="5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:stroke></v:fill></v:shape></v:group><v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1056" strokecolor="#f79646" strokeweight="5pt" style="position: absolute;"> <v:stroke linestyle="thickThin"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:stroke></v:roundrect></v:group></o:wrapblock><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BuXCmigwNPM/Tk_O9gM6Q0I/AAAAAAAAAD8/czIQHe2_1No/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BuXCmigwNPM/Tk_O9gM6Q0I/AAAAAAAAAD8/czIQHe2_1No/s200/6.png" width="163" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak Vertikal ke Atas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama bola bergerak vertikal ke atas, gerakan bola melawan gaya gravitasi yang menariknya ke bumi, sehingga bola bergerak diperlambat. Akhirnya setelah mencapai ketinggian tertentu yang disebut tinggi maksimum (h max), bola tak dapat naik lagi. Pada saat ini kecepatan bola nol (V<sub>t</sub>= 0). Oleh karena tarikan gaya gravitasi bumi tak pernah berhenti bekerja pada bola, menyebabkan bola bergerak turun. Pada saat ini bola mengalami jatuh bebas.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi bola mengalami dua fase gerakan. Saat bergerak ke atas bola bergerak GLBB diperlambat (a= -g) dengan kecepatan awal tertentu lalu setelah mencapai tinggi maksimum bola jatuh bebas yang merupakan GLBB dipercepat dengan kecepatan awal nol</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6NIhzu6C5iA/Tk_O_tyoqrI/AAAAAAAAAEA/nLHanqz97KE/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6NIhzu6C5iA/Tk_O_tyoqrI/AAAAAAAAAEA/nLHanqz97KE/s400/7.png" width="400" /></a></div><v:group coordorigin="3903,11737" coordsize="6483,2483" id="_x0000_s1060" style="height: 124.15pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 33.1pt; margin-top: 9.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 324.15pt; z-index: 25;"><v:shapetype adj="-5898240,,,21600,21600" coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t19" o:spt="19" path="wr-21600,,21600,43200,,,21600,21600nfewr-21600,,21600,43200,,,21600,21600l,21600nsxe"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #2"> <v:f eqn="val #3"> <v:f eqn="val #4"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path arrowok="t" gradientshapeok="t" o:connectlocs="0,0;21600,21600;0,21600" o:connecttype="custom" o:extrusionok="f"> <v:handles> <v:h polar="@0,@1" position="@2,#0"> <v:h polar="@0,@1" position="@2,#1"> </v:h></v:h></v:handles> </v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape adj="-6763885,6612300,4936" coordsize="26536,43200" id="_x0000_s1061" path="wr-16664,,26536,43200,,571,853,42811nfewr-16664,,26536,43200,,571,853,42811l4936,21600nsxe" strokeweight="1pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t19"> <v:path o:connectlocs="0,571;853,42811;4936,21600"> </v:path></v:shape><v:oval fillcolor="#00b050" id="_x0000_s1062" strokecolor="yellow" stroked="f" strokeweight="1pt" style="position: absolute;"> <v:fill color2="#c0504d"> <v:shadow color="#622423" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></v:fill></v:oval><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"> </v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1063" stroked="f" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></v:group></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak Vertikal ke Bawah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan gerak jatuh bebas, gerak vertikal ke bawah yang dimaksudkan adalah gerak benda-benda yang dilemparkan vertikal ke bawah dengan kecepatan awal tertentu (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V<sub>o</sub></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ≠ 0). Jadi seperti gerak vertikal ke atas hanya saja arahnya ke bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.1. Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan.<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Persiapan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1. Perangkat Percobaan Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyambung rel presisi dengan penyambung rel dan memasang kaki rel pada kedua ujung rel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang perekam waktu pada ujung kiri rel presisi dan memasang katrol rel pada ujung kanan rel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang kereta dinamika yang dilengkapi beban di sebelah kanan perekam waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang kertas perekam waktu dan menjepit ujung kertas pada kereta dinamika.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghubungkan catu daya ke sumber listrik (PLN), kemudian memilih tegangan catu daya 12 volt DC.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghubungkan kabel perekam waktu catu daya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Langkah Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meletakkan balok bertingkat di dekat ujung kiri rel presisi, memegang kereta, kemudian mengangkat ujung kiri rel presisi untuk diletakkan pada tangga pertama balok bertingkat. Merapatkan posisi pada perekam waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghidupkan perekam waktu bersamaan dengan melepaskan kereta dan mengukur lama pergerakan dengan menggunakan <i>stopwatch</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mematikan perekam waktu pada saat kereta berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengeluarkan kertas perekam dan mengamati jarak titik-titik data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengulangi langkah 1-4 dengan terlebih dahulu meletakkan ujung kiri rel presisi pada tangga balok bertingkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyusun potongan-potongan kertas perekam dalam milimater blok.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.2. Gerak Jatuh Bebas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_243" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 134.25pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 93.6pt; margin-top: 3.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 190.5pt; z-index: -39;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="DSC02900" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Langkah Pecobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2. Perangkat Percobaan Gerak Jatuh Bebas<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengikat beban denga tali dan ujung tali yang lain diikatkan pada klip kertas. Kemudian, menghubungkan klip kertas dengan perekam waktu seperti pada Gambar 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memegang kertas perekam dan membiarkan beban tergantung bebas, kemudian memiringkan rel presisi hingga vertikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghidupkan perekam waktu bersamaan dengan melepaskan pegangan dari kertas perekam, dan membiarkan benda jatuh bebas sambil<span style="color: red;"> </span>mengukur lama pergerakan dengan <i>stopwatch</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mematikan perekam waktu pada saat beban berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengeluarkan kertas perekam dan mengamati jarak titik-titik data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memotong kertas perekam waktu sepanjang 5 titik data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyusun potongan kertas perekam secara sejajar vertikal pada hasil pengamatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengulangi langkah 1-8 dengan mengubah jarak ketinggian beban.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DATA PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.1. Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1097" style="height: 18pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 186.1pt; margin-top: 17.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 36pt; z-index: 39;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill color2="fill lighten(191)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image022.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1044" style="height: 18pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 29.35pt; margin-top: 17.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 59pt; z-index: 17;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill color2="fill lighten(191)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image023.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rumus kecepatan ;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0OWZTX_TDFE/Tk_QgEzoUFI/AAAAAAAAAEE/LJfqkUrNV2M/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0OWZTX_TDFE/Tk_QgEzoUFI/AAAAAAAAAEE/LJfqkUrNV2M/s1600/8.png" /></a></div><br />
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1096" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 128.1pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 41.25pt; z-index: 38;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:stroke endarrow="block"></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena benda bergerak dari keadaan diam, maka V<sub>o </sub>= 0<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rumus percepatan ;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1045" style="height: 36.85pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 192.85pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 43.65pt; z-index: 18;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill color2="fill lighten(0)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1095" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 128.1pt; margin-top: 19.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 41.25pt; z-index: 37;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1094" style="height: 34.85pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 24.75pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 81.6pt; z-index: 36;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CCqA-ZPB2p0/Tk_QhzHG7iI/AAAAAAAAAEI/IC1QxIzw29c/s1600/9.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CCqA-ZPB2p0/Tk_QhzHG7iI/AAAAAAAAAEI/IC1QxIzw29c/s1600/9.png" /></a><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image025.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rumus waktu tempuh ;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1087" style="height: 35pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 48.1pt; margin-top: 8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 44pt; z-index: 29;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vW9K61noblM/Tk_Qjh3G10I/AAAAAAAAAEM/f1qnihDcC5A/s1600/10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vW9K61noblM/Tk_Qjh3G10I/AAAAAAAAAEM/f1qnihDcC5A/s1600/10.png" /></a><v:fill color2="fill lighten(191)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image026.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tabel Hasil Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketinggian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S (m)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t (s)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V (m/s)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a (m/s<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1,00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6,40<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,00</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3,20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,64<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,00</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2,20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,91<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,41<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik pada lampiran 4, 5, dan 6.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jika jarak 1,5m maka waktu yang ditempuh adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketinggian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S (m)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a (m/s<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 2.25pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.9pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t (s)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.9pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7,74<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.9pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3,87<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(75, 172, 198); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,41<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(216, 216, 216); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.9pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2,71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.2. Gerak Jatuh Bebas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rumus kecepatan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--oGYvbK4fmQ/Tk_Rz7hH0KI/AAAAAAAAAEU/5AvDa3Hmvv8/s1600/12.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--oGYvbK4fmQ/Tk_Rz7hH0KI/AAAAAAAAAEU/5AvDa3Hmvv8/s1600/12.png" /></a></div><br />
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1046" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 23.8pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 43.1pt; margin-top: 0.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 60.15pt; z-index: 19;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image027.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><v:group coordorigin="5268,8140" coordsize="1110,1785" id="_x0000_s1047" style="height: 68.25pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-top: 1.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 55.55pt; z-index: 20;"> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5oKH7rPsQTM/Tk_R1JmD9eI/AAAAAAAAAEY/mNBUaVMy_iE/s1600/13.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5oKH7rPsQTM/Tk_R1JmD9eI/AAAAAAAAAEY/mNBUaVMy_iE/s1600/13.png" /></a><v:shape id="_x0000_s1048" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1049" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1050" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="position: absolute;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image028.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></v:group><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumus waktu tempuh<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tabel Hasil Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 150, 70); border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: solid none none solid; border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">h(m)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 150, 70); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">t<sub>p</sub>(s)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 150, 70); border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">V (m/s)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(247, 150, 70); border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">t<sub>r</sub>(s)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 150, 70); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">1,00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">3,62<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 150, 70); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,37<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">3,34<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: medium none; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,34<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 150, 70); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,47<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid none; border-width: 1pt medium; height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">3,04<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 150, 70); height: 15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">0,31<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik pada lampiran 7,8, dan 9.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Keterangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t<sub>p</sub> = waktu tempuh saat percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t<sub>r</sub> = waktu tempuh berdasarkan perhitungan rumus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.1. Pembahasan GLBB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan GLBB, dapat dilihat dari tabel hasil percobaan bahwa ketinggian berpengaruh pada percepatan (a). Kereta dinamika pada ketinggian rendah (tingkat balok kesatu) mengalami percepatan 0,05</span>m/s<sup>2, </sup><span style="color: black;">sedangkan pada ketinggian sedang (tingkat balok kedua) mengalami percepatan 0,20<sup> </sup></span>m/s<sup>2</sup><span style="color: black;">, dan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada balok tingkat ketiga percepatannya 0,41</span> m/s<sup>2<span style="color: black;"> </span></sup><span style="color: black;">. Perbedaan ini dapat disebabkan karena t</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">inggi-rendahnya balok membentuk kemiringan yang berbeda. Sudut kemiringan (α) ini yang nantinya berpengaruh pada percepatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kcL9_6G0zEg/Tk_RNhKq8HI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/CvvUV-A11II/s1600/11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kcL9_6G0zEg/Tk_RNhKq8HI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/CvvUV-A11II/s320/11.png" width="238" /></a></div><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_264" o:spid="_x0000_s1057" style="height: 97.35pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 101.25pt; margin-top: 0.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 153pt; z-index: 22;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image029.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1059" style="height: 80.7pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 93.5pt; margin-top: 110.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 67.25pt; z-index: 24;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:fill color2="fill lighten(0)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image030.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><v:shape filled="t" id="_x0000_s1058" style="height: 61.8pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-top: 206.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90.85pt; z-index: 23;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:fill color2="fill lighten(0)" focus="100%" focusposition=".5,.5" focussize="" method="linear sigma" rotate="t" type="gradientRadial"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image031.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari rumus diatas terlihat bahwa sudut kemiringan (sin α) berbanding lurus dengan percepatan (a). Oleh karena itu, semakin besar nilai sudut kemiringan (ketinggian balok bertingkat) semakin besar pula nilai percepatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika jaraknya ditambah (missal pada soal S = 1,50m) maka setelah melakukan perhitungan, waktu yang ditempuh pun semakin bertambah atau lebih besar dari waktu pada jarak percobaan (S = 1,00m), secara berurut hasilnya yaitu : 7,74s , 3,87s , 2,71s. Digunakan variabel percepatan (a) untuk mencari waktu tempuh (t) karena a bernilai tetap pada GLBB.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.2. Pembahasan GJB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai waktu tempuh pada percobaan ketinggian </span>0,67<span style="color: black;">m, </span>0,57<sup><span style="color: black;"> </span></sup><span style="color: black;">m dan </span>0,47<span style="color: black;">m secara berturut-turut adalah </span>1,00<span style="color: black;">s , </span>0,80<span style="color: black;">s dan </span>0,60<span style="color: black;">s. Waktu tempuh ini </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lebih besar dari pada waktu tempuh hasil perhitungan rumus, yaitu </span>0,37<span style="color: black;">s , </span>0,34<span style="color: black;">s dan </span>0,30<span style="color: black;">s.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perbedaan ini dapat disebabkan oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan ketinggian yang kurang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang teliti atau kurang tepat pengamatan dalam melakukan percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan berbedanya besar gaya gravitasi di tempat dilakukannya percobaan dengan di tempat normal dimana percepatan gravitasi sesuai teori yang ditentukan (besar gaya gravitasi yang diberikan oleh bumi pada setiap benda semakin berkurang terhadap kuadrat jaraknya <i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">(r)</span></i> dari pusat bumi).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1093" stroked="f" style="height: 23.65pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 160.1pt; margin-top: 17.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; width: 44.65pt; z-index: 35;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atau<o:p></o:p></span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><v:shape id="_x0000_s1091" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 23.8pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 95.75pt; margin-top: 17.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 60.15pt; z-index: 33;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image027.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara matematis, kecepatan pada gerak jatuh bebas adalah,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1092" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 16pt; left: 0pt; margin-left: 206.25pt; margin-top: -0.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 37pt; z-index: 34;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:fill rotate="t"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCLIENT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.wmz"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari rumus diatas, dapat dilihat bahwa massa benda tidak mempengaruhi kecepatan jatuh benda. Adapun yang mempengaruhi kecepatan adalah gaya gesek udara. Untuk benda-benda yang ringan dengan permukaan luas maka gaya gesek udaranya semakin besar. Sedangkan untuk benda-benda yang berat maka gaya geseknya semakin kecil. Contohnya bila kita menjatuhkan batu dan kertas pada ketinggian yang sama, maka batu akan mendarat lebih cepat, hal ini bukan karena pengaruh berat (massa) tetapi karena gaya gesek udara pada batu lebih kecil dari pada gaya gesek udara pada kertas. Jika gaya gesek udara tidak ada atau diabaikan maka semua benda akan jatuh dengan percepatan yang sama. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan tabel hasil percobaan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa percepatan pada GLBB sebanding dengan sudut kemiringan, semakin tinggi tingkat balok semakin besar sudut kemiringan sehingga nilai percepatan pun semakin besar, hal ini relevan dengan Hukum II Newton. Sedangkan pada percobaan GJB, diketahui bahwa waktu tempuh hasil percobaan berbeda dengan hasil perhitungan rumus, hal ini dapat disebabkan karena kekurangtelitian dalam melakukan percobaan. Pada GJB massa tidak berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan, yang berpengaruh adalah gaya gesek udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>anitanurdianingrumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13254786581948140114noreply@blogger.com1